Monday, September 30, 2019
Poems from E.J. Pratt’s The Titanic Essay
 The Canadian poet E.J. Pratt’s lyrical documentation and divulgings on life aboard a ship and by the sea can easily be categorized and confined under the label of â€Å"maritime poetry,† but the sentiments evoked in his poems appear to consitute more than the said label, the following is an overview and interpretation of Pratt’s poems taken from The Titanic. Harland and Wolff Works, Belfast, May 31, 1911            The poem begins, â€Å"The hammers silent and the derricks still, / And high tide in the harbour! Mind and will†¦Ã¢â‚¬ setting the tone of calmness at bay, which begins to shift as it progresses towards the middle and end. The first two lines is continued further by seemingly rudimentary coupling rhymes until the end of the poem. The content however, relates the instance of a ship – the Titanic – in its completion, and the celebration of its first launch. Pratt relates the beauty and grandeur of the ship without over embellishing, and sounding-off the luxuries it possesses which others allude to. And without the title implying that the poem is about the iconic unsinkable ship, one can easily mistake the ship being described in the poem as one of any commonplace ships in existence. The seeming inane and banal instance of a ship doing what it is supposed to do in the first place is transformed and elevated in E.J. Pratt’s poetry, when relating to the ship he writes, â€Å"Before another year was over, she, / Poised for the launching signal, had surpassed / The dreams of builder or navigator†¦ Glass crashed against the plates; a wine cascade, / Netting the sunlight in a shower of pearls, / Baptized the bow and gave the ship her name; A slight push of the rams as a switch set free.†Of course, Pratt isn’t just talking about any other ship, but the poem nevertheless romanticizes the idea of it, from construction, to its completion, to its launch, which were aptly articulated in the previously quoted lines, and further concluded by, â€Å"†¦for whatever fears stalked with her down the tallow of slips / Were smothered under by the harbour cheers, / By flags strung halyards of the ships.†March 3. 1912            The second poem in the compilation retreats to the instance of the Titanic upon its creation, the first line cries out, â€Å"Completed! Waiting for her trial spin†¦Ã¢â‚¬ It then relates the myth which the ship is ascribed of being, massive and grand, and therefore, impenetrable and unsinkable. The said mythology is affirmed faithfully in the following lines, â€Å"An ocean lifeboat in herself†¦ No wave could sweep those upper decks – unthinkable! No storm could hurt that hull – the papers said so. The perfect ship at last – the first unsinkable.†The poem continues to elucidate on the marvelous piece of work the ship that Titanic is by enumerating on the qualities of its every part, from its upper decks, to its watertight compartments, bulhead doors and bouyancy. Despite the naivety and evident falseness of the said claims, Pratt is able to effectively deliver the sentiment and ideas of the people at the time, and the poem encapsulates the extent of this naà ¯ve ideology. The Iceberg            The force of nature which challenges the pronounced invincibility of the Titanic is laid evident in the title and extent of this particular poem. It describes the ship’s initial encounter with the glacier, the details of which is reserved to the succeeding poem, and revolves instead on the massive structure which led the ship to its demise. The iceberg being described as, â€Å"†¦the brute and palaeolithic outline of a face fronted the transatlantic shipping route. A sloping spur that tapered to a claw / And lying twenty feet below†¦Ã¢â‚¬            It was especially entertaining how the crash of the ship with the glacier was attributed as the iceberg’s fault, or to fate perhaps, but at any rate, because nature took a different course, instead of the iceberg keeping to where it was, floated closer to the ship, as referred to in the following lines, â€Å"But with an impulse governed by the raw mechanics of its birth, it drifted where ambushed, fog-grey, it stumbled on its lair,†and the rest of the world knows what happens then. Southhampton, Wednesday, April 10, 1912            The part of the poem which picks up after the instance of the iceberg, when the seemingly unsinkable and invincible ship engages the massive glacier, and all that is left to be articulated is â€Å"An omen struck the thousands to shore – A double accident!†The Titanic proved to be less than what it was mythically ascribed of being, and the extent of the poem goes into lyrical details over the tragedy that is the sinking of the Titanic. How it threw sailors and countless individuals to the mercy of the sea. But the chaos and destruction that is to be attributed to the instance of a ship clashing with an iceberg is subdued, or muted by describing not the havoc being wreaked on the ship, or the people aboard it, but the state of the rest of the world at that particular point in time, as the ship was sinking, as articulated in the latter part of the poem, in which the poet contemplates, â€Å"When water flowed from the inverted tips / Of a waning moon, of sun-hounds, of the shrieks / Of whirling shags around the mizzen peaks. / And was there not this morning’s augury / For the big one now heading for the sea?†It’s a valid inquiry, and a refreshing take on the apparent tragedy. Wednesday Evening            Shifting towards a different context and setting, and describing a seeming sumptious feast consituted by â€Å"cauldrons of stock, purees and consommes, simmered with peppercorns and marjoram.†as well as crabs, clams, fricassees, lambs, veals, halibut, bechamel, truffles, and a myriad of food bound to whet anybody’s appetite, and which would bring people to believe that everything was fine, in the comfort and luxury afforded by the said array of food.            The said sentiment was aptly articulated as such, â€Å"The dinner gave the sense that all was well: That touch of ballast in the tanks; the feel of peace from ramparts unassailable, Which, added to her seven decks of steel, had constituted the Titanic less.†           It culminates ironically, in the event of people partaking of the food, engaging in elitist nonsense, and forgetting the senseless tragedy that was Titanic, and resorting to issues of greater importance, as articulated in the last part of the poem, â€Å"The crowd poured through the sumptuous rooms and hall†¦ tapped at the tables of the Regency; Smirked at the caryatids on the walls; Talked Jacobean-wise†¦ Swallowed liqueurs and coffee as they sat under the Georgian carved mahogany, dictating wireless hieroglyphics that would on the opening of the board rooms rock the pillared dollars of a railroad stock.â€
Sunday, September 29, 2019
Minimum Wage in Malaysia
Minimum wage in Malaysia: need for it and its’ possible effectiveness 1. 0. Introduction Background Information There has been growing debates concerning the minimum wage in Malaysia, with strong opinions from both sides of the arguments. In 1979 edition of their introductory textbook, William B. Aumol and Alan Blinder explained, â€Å"The primary consequence of the minimum wage law is not an increase in the incomes of the least skilled workers but a restriction of their employment opportunities†(p. 7). On the other side of the debate, social activists, policymakers and other non-economists often argue for an increase in the minimum wage. Advocates of the minimum wage have included Franklin D. Roosevelt, Martin Luther King, A. Philip Randolph, Walter R. Reuther, Edward Filene, Beatrice and Sydney Webb. Finally, Malaysia took its stance and made its first legislative attempt at putting in place a national minimum wage on twenty first June 2011 . Introduced by Human Resources Deputy Minister, Maznah Mazlan in Parliament, the National Wages Consultative Council (NWCC) bill was tabled for its first reading. Most significantly, the general public does not widely share the negative opinion of the minimum wage, according to surveys. What questions us, is whether there is a need for minimum wage, and if there, how effective it might be. Statement of the Problem This paper will investigate on the need and the effectiveness of the yet to be minimum wage bill among security guards, cleaners with its current value of RM720. The idea of having a national minimum wage in Malaysia has been proposed more than 12 years ago by the Malaysian Trades Union Congress (MTUC), when Tun Mahatir was still the Prime Minister, and has been continuously rejected, until more recently, the current prime minister, Datuk Seri Najib has stated in the Malaysia Budget 2011 speech â€Å"Businesses must embrace the minimum wage as a business strategy†. A minimum wage theoretically, is planned to affect the low-skilled workers such as janitors, cleaners and security, who are paid with low wages which affect their standards of living. With a minimum wage in effect, they were supposed to be able to raise their standards of living and live a more comfortable life. Conversely, Orrenius and Zavodny (2008) and Ragayah Haji mat Zin(2007) argue that the effect of a minimum wage may just put these low skilled workers out of employment because of economic conditions in country, putting the low-skilled workers in an even worse situation: unemployment. Research Purpose This paper aims to investigate whether or not Malaysia is in need for implementation of a national minimum wage, based on the reviews of recent developments in the literature pertaining to the overall effects of a minimum wage, and the opinions of the janitors, cleaners and security guards. The focus is on the perceptions of low-paid workers as mentioned earlier and their satisfaction with the amount they are being paid and whether or not it covered their day to day expenses. Analysis can be made on whether or not these workers were exploited by the absence of a minimum wage and that a minimum wage is indeed can end such situations. To answer the questions surveys will be done and literature review will be made that will analyze on how are salaries are appointed and later on the consequences of implementing the minimum wage. This paper aims to answer the following questions: 1)Is there any need for Malaysia to implement national minimum wage? 2) As for now are low-paid workers are paid enough to cover their daily expenses? )Does the law bring a tangible change? Significance of the Study There are lots of studies pertaining to the issue of minimum wage around the globe, however, only few had focused on the issue being practiced in Malaysia, like Rohayu Abd. Ghani in her article†Salary and Wages in Malaysia†and David Lim in his article â€Å"†Sweet Labor†and Wages in Malaysian Manufacturing†. Referring to the history of an alysis, some have focused on developing countries that have already implemented the minimum wage, like P. Jones, where he discusses issues pertaining Ghana; or first world countries, like M. Bowey and A. Lupton where comprehensive explanation about implementation in United Kingdom was done or D. Neumark and W. Wascher analyzing the situation in USA. This brings us to the conclusion that more studies need to be done to find out the conditions of so-called â€Å"black workers†: janitors, cleaners and security guards in Malaysia. Ironically, many newspaper articles have addressed the economic conditions in Malaysia, the effects of those on citizens of Malaysia. But never the question of implementing the minimum wage policy was taken any further. Findings of the investigation will be helpful in determining if the minimum wage needs to be implemented, to analyze whether it would be actually successful in improving the lives of janitors, cleaners and security guards, and whether or not their current salaries will be sufficient for them to live a comfortable life, as concerning this issue Shireen (1998) has shown that poverty in Malaysia officially seen s as a situation of relative rather than absolute deprivation. By understanding their conditions, a better decision of how the minimum wage could be implemented can be recommended and the proximity of the issue can be understood. 2. Literature review Bowey and Lupton (1982) has discussed that wage and salary administration is complex and subtle, and littered with techniques designed to reduce the complexity for the administrator and cope with the subtleties. The explanations that are brought together are the descriptions of the most important techniques that are available for coping with the principal tasks of wage and salary administration, and shows how and when these may be used. They propagate that there are many systems of payment which attempt to relate earnings to the work done and before any such system can be used it is necessary to assess that work in some way by comparing the nature of the work (eg. Is it heavy work? Does it carry a large amount of responsibility? ), it may also involve assessing the rate at which the employees are working and rewarding them according to their different rates of performance. The first method is job evaluation while latter is work measurement. Regarding this matter they outline that â€Å"Job evaluation and work measurement are two subjective areas which are of crucial importance to the operative and the manager as they radically affect the payback and the quality of work†( Bowey & Lupton, 1982, p. 159). And here is the issue that we have, why is that in some instances, wage amounts differ, regarding the fact that it’s one country, one sector of work, but yet, some workers are abused and get to be paid a very low salary. The inform us that there are three different consideration while salary is being allocated to each job. First, the mechanics of assigning different amount of money to different positions is the job hierarchy and different standards of performance. Second, consideration of the absolute levels of pay which should be given when pay in other organizations is taken into account. Third, the process of negotiation between the management and the union about levels of payment. And exactly the third consideration appears to be quite an issue. Why is that we require the workers to give the just amount of performance, finishing the assigned work, but we aren’t just in giving enough reward for the effort contributed. It appears, that using the power as an upper- manager who hires, the abundance of work supplying the market, especially with the flow of illegal immigrants, workers will have to agree on terms offered. Do we consider the undue influence and abuse of situation as an ethical act? Bowey & Lupton(1982) stated that: With management by objectives, the employee and his superior agree a set of objectives for the coming year, and the individual is given salary increase at the end of the year, which is partly determined by how well he has succeeded in achieving those targets (p. ) Theoretically, the wage systems seems just fine. Unfortunately, this is not the case in Malaysia. Plantation workers are initially paid RM350 and can achieve RM700 with bonuses. Would that be enough for an average Malaysian citizen to cover rent, food expenses? They argue that â€Å"If we give equal rations to everyone, who do we designate to carry out the most onerous tasks-and on what basis do we make this choice? †( Bowey & Lupton, 1982, p. 159). In the end, whether we like it or not management has to make decisions about the worth of the contribution comparing different levels of jobs and finally assigns the salary, even if the appointed salary makes it cheaper than in other place as starting amount of salary differs from the budget of one institution to another. Journal Business Asia has analyzed the ambivalent attitude of government to foreign labor. Before the crisis 2. 5 million immigrant workers were regarded as â€Å"undesirable but necessary encumbrance†( Business Asia,2000,p. 2) . It is a very degrading attitude toward human being, be he from first world country or third, but what matters is that, in the end, we can’t change much. Laws and bills are issued, but these workers still are considered cheap workers for black jobs. This type of attitude is problematic, as the accountability and dignity of an employee disappears, especially when allocating the salary. Wikipedia (2011) states that the minimum wa ge that Malaysia has stated for plantation workers is RM350 and that even may reach RM700 with bonuses! The article explains further â€Å"Officially-orchestrated- and mostly employer-funded-repatriation programmes saw the number of registered foreign workers drop below 700,000 by end 1999, from peak of 1. 2million in 1997†(Business Asia,2000,p. 12) . Though, after the pressure from exasperated employers, the government announced the lifting of a freeze on the recruitment of foreign workers, but yet, â€Å"the grudging nature of the concession was underlined by an accompanying list of 138 categories of job†for Malaysians only (Business Asia, 2000,p. 12). And ironically, all these statement are done by those who â€Å"stated an intention to transform Malaysia from a production to a knowledge- based economy†(Business Asia, 2000, p. 12). Employers complain that â€Å"Instead of encouraging the free-thinking innovators needed to help realize such a lofty ambition, the education system seems expressly programmed to eliminate them†(Business Asia,2000, p. 12). All of the above had lead to the core of the issue, the rise of salary. The fear among employers is that a rise in wages will eventually begin â€Å"outstripping productivity gains†(Business Asia,2000, p. 2). Despite the increase of GDP by 3. 7% wages by relative modest grew by 2. 7%. The question is what should stand above, a just increase in wages, which a company can afford, or the increase of the profits at the expense of exploitation of decent workers. As Annil Netto reports at Indian-Malaysian Online â€Å"The Malaysian Trades Union Congress, an umbrella for private sector unions, threatened by nationwide strike if its request for a minimum would be ignored, even so, the Malaysian government gave a cool response †. In March 2000 a national survey by MUTC and International Labor Organization has revealed that some 2 million workers earned less than a poverty- line income of RM600, MTUC demanded at least RM1,200, which we still do not have in 2011. Further, Jones (1997) examines the impact of minimum wage legislation in developing countries with incomplete coverage, using the case of Ghana. Her extensive research has proved that the implementation of the minimum wage was not an efficient policy for reducing the incidence of poverty in a situation where coverage of the minimum wage legislation is partial. The reason is that people working outside of the wage sector e. g. Farmers who survive by selling and consuming their own output are not covered by the minimum wage, and they are the ones who are in need of the minimum wage. Thus, the implementation of the minimum wage becomes non-effective. Her results have shown that the minimum wage in Ghana had a negative impact on employment; there were significant job losses due to the policy. Although the study is based on the case of Ghana, it can be deduced that if Malaysia were to implement the minimum wage, it should cover a large proportion of the population, and not just those working in the public sector, to increase coverage. Ghana and Malaysia are two different countries of different cultures and mentalities, government structure, though communality are the social problems that each faces. But the differences might tell us that policies implemented in one will not necessarily give the same results if applied in the other. The main key point that could be inserted is that the minimum wage should have a large coverage, in our research cleaners and guards. Saget (2001) examines the relationship between the level of minimum wage and employment and between the level of minimum wage and poverty through literature survey and also empirical evidence. The response of employment and poverty to changes in the minimum wage on more than twenty countries was tested in the research, and â€Å"†¦ he data analysis had given strong support to the proposition that the minimum wage may bring positive results in poverty alleviation by improving the living conditions of workers and their families. †(Saget, 2001,p. 31). The literature survey however, had differing opinions, for example some papers mentioned that raising the minimum wage in developing countries may contribute to a widening of the gap between the covered and uncovered sector, similar to Jones (2007), generating relative poverty. Unlike Jones (2007), Saget's (2001) analysis proved that minimum wage had no negative results on employment whereas Jones had shown that the minimum wage policy had caused significant job losses. This is because Jones’ study was focused on incomplete coverage of the minimum wage while Saget looked into the minimum wage in general, cross country to see the effects it had on poverty and employment. Therefore based on Jones’ study, if Malaysia were to implement the minimum wage, then up till now there would be a reduction in poverty, which is positive and one of the goals of Malaysia in becoming a high income nation by 2020. Jones did not manage to find a significant link between unemployment and the minimum wage thus, this means that a minimum wage would not cause unemployment to increase significantly. However, the results could also mean that countries that implement the minimum wage are more committed to reducing the level of poverty in the country thus leading to results which imply that setting a higher minimum wage would reduce poverty. Lo (2010) in his paper titled ‘The case for a minimum wage in Malaysia†is a highly passionate in support of the minimum wage. It is perhaps due to the fact that the writer is the secretary of the MTUC which is the very same organization that has been pushing for minimum wage legislation in Malaysia for over 12 years now. Malaysian workers suffer from suppressed wages because of the influx of cheap foreign labor, but having a minimum wage according to the Malaysian Employers Federation (MEF) would hurt Malaysian’s competitiveness due to the increase in costs firms will have to incur. However this is countered by Lo (2010), â€Å"If a firm cannot even provide a decent living wage to its workers – one that is enough to meet their basic needs – it has no business being in business†(p. 3). He also suggested that Malaysia can’t always depend on cheap foreign labor forever. Although now it would be expensive to invest in research and development to develop tools that would improve productivity, it would be cheaper in the long run to use these machines. Furthermore, higher wages lead to higher productivity. It would encourage employers to invest in research and development to increase overall productivity and efficiency. Malaysia has not been spending much on research and development, especially private sector, but this would change if there was minimum wage legislation, and more on research and development would give Malaysia a better future. According to this, Malaysia should implement the minimum wage, because of the effects it has in reducing social poverty and also its potential in enhancing economic growth and productivity improvements. â€Å"There is a growing view among economists that the minimum wage offers substantial benefits to low-wage workers without negative effect. Although there are still dissenters, the best recent research has shown that the job loss reported in earlier analyses does not, in fact, occur when the minimum wage is increased†(Fox, 2006, p. 1). Also, over 650 economists, including five Nobel Prize winners and six past presidents of the American Economic Association, recently signed a statement stating that federal and state minimum wage increases â€Å"can significantly improve the lives of low-income workers and their families, without the adverse effects hat critics have claimed†(EPI, 2006). Although the paper focused purely on the evidences from the USA, the effects of minimum wage are still similar if it were to be implemented in Malaysia. However, there could be major differences as Malaysia would be implementing the minimum wage for the first time, while the USA has been doing it for much longer and their case is to do with raising the minimum wage. Malaysia would face lots of opposition in the beginning as t he adjustment process would take time. Card and Krueger (1995) extensively describe the effectiveness of minimum wages of each sector of US population. As stated by CIA World Factbook (2011) US GDP for year 1995 was 2. 51 and 3. 7 for year 2006, and current GDP of Malaysia is 3. 9,hence we can conclude similarities in the phase of economical development. Card and Krueger present us a new body of evidence showing that recent minimum wage increases have not had the negative employment effects predicted by the textbook model. Some of the new evidence points toward a positive effect of minimum wage on employment most show no effect at all. Moreover, a reanalysis of previous minimum wage studies finds little support for the prediction that minimum wages reduce employment, like Richard Lester during the 1940 or Card and Krueger initial work in 1988, California state as a case study. If accepted, the findings will call into question the standard model of the labor market that has dominated economists’ thinking for the past half century. They have showed us the empirical findings which result in later: first of all, a study of employment in the fast- food industry after the increase in New Jersey minimum wage was not affected adversely by law, stating that â€Å"modest increases in the minimum wage have no adverse effect on the employment outcomes of low-wage workers†(Card & Krueger, 1995, p. 114) as Lo ( 2010) and Saget (2001) had argued above. The results were gathered from 400 restaurants. Relative to restaurants in Pennsylvania, where the minimum wage remained unchanged, they found that â€Å"employment growth within New Jersey was higher at restaurants†(Card & Krueger,1995, p. 46). Second, a cross-state analysis finds that the 1990 and 1991 increases in the federal minimum wage did not affect teenage employment adversely. Thirdly, an increase in the minimum wage leads to a situation in which workers who previously were paid different wages all receive the new minimum wage. Card & Krueger(1995) ar gue that once there is an increase in the minimum wage it would result in a â€Å"ripple effect†, leading to pay raises for workers who previously earned wages above the new minimum. Surprisingly, increases in minimum wage do not appear to be offset by reductions in fringe benefits. Increase of such kinds has decreased the minimum dispersion, partially reversing the trend toward rising wage inequality that has dominated the labor market since the early 1980s. Finally, as a fact minimum wage is a blunt instrument for reducing poverty. It’s â€Å"an amount that is smaller than most other federal antipoverty programs, and that can have only limited effects on the overall income distribution†(Card & Krueger,1995, p. 3). They also note, that â€Å"more than 60 percent of all workers have worked for the minimum wage at some time during their careers(Card & Krueger,1995, p. ). References Anonymous (2000). No staff, no skills, Business Asia, Vol. 32 Issue 14, p12, 4/5p Card D. , Krueger A. B. ,(1995). Myth and measurement. The new economics of the minimum wage. Fox, L. (2006). Minimum wage trends: Understanding past and contemporary research. Retrieved from http://www. epi. org/publications/entry/bp178/ Jones, P. (1997). The Impact of Minimum Wage Legisl ation in Developing Countries where Coverage is Incomplete. Retrieved from http://www. bepress. com/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? article=1066=csae- redir=1#search=†jones+ghana+wage†Lo, A. 2010). The case for a minimum wage. Retrieved from http://www. mtuc. org. my/andrewminimumwageaug2010. pdf M Bowey,A. , Lupton, T. (1982)Managing Salary and Wage systems,Great Britain: Gower Publishing Company Retrieved from http://www. indianmalaysian. com/minimum_wage. htm Retrieved from https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/ html Saget, C. (2001). Poverty reduction and decent work in developing countries: Do minimum wages help?. International Labour Review, 140. Retrieved from http://www. ingentaconnect. com/content/ilo/ilr/2001/00000140/00000003/art00002
Saturday, September 28, 2019
Article review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2
Review - Article Example The procedure and results of the experiment are briefly explained in easy words right in the beginning of the article so that readers get maximum information in the first few seconds of reading. The editors have written how the mice that had been bred to be more exercise-loving over generations (high voluntary wheel-running) had a 13% larger volume of the midbrain. A 3D reconstruction of the brain of a mouse is also presented alongside the article to provide the readers with a visual idea of the location and size of the midbrain of a regular mouse. The author has also incorporated the comments of the professors involved in the research project to make the article more interesting and additional information is also provided to the reader along with the personal opinion of the experts. They have quoted professor Garland saying that it is the first study which has shown a particular mammalian behavior resulting â€Å"in a change in the size of a specific brain region†(Science Daily).  As the reader goes further, the author has provided more important details of the experiment such as the selection of the mice which has been going on for 65 generation in the lab (20 years), and the functioning of different parts of the brain. This section of the article answers any questions that might have occurred in the mind of the reader and deals and deals with them one at a time. From the sample selection to the procedure adopted by the researchers to reach conclusions, the briefly explains them all in easy language. Other findings of the research are also mentioned toward the end of the article including how the high voluntary wheel-running mice also had a larger volume of non-cerebellar brain mass. The article also mentions what the researchers wanted to achieve through these experiments and whether or not they have been successful. In order to provide a concise answer to these questions, they have provided yet another direct quotation of the
Friday, September 27, 2019
Vetoing of Jobs in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Vetoing of Jobs in America - Essay Example Public polls have recently indicated that a majority of people support the project although there is still a great percentage of Americans opposing the entire project. Most of the supporters reason that the project will have numerous benefits to America. On the other hand, some Americans have aired their environmental and safety concerns about the project. According to the current economic state, it is evident that America needs more jobs. In addition, gas and fuel prices have been on the rise in the recent past. These are the factors that should convict the president to approve the southern and northern legs of the projects. The expedition of the TransCanada pipeline project has the potential of opening up job opportunities for the American people. It is clear that unemployment rates have been on the rise in the recent past. It is critical for the government to give attention to any project that I likely to improve the current situation. Statistics reveal that there are a great numb er of unemployed Americans despite their education level. An opportunity that is likely to create more than 250000 jobs is not something to disapprove. This is the reason why majority of American feel that the project should receive approval (Minicucc 1). The postponing of the approval of the consideration of the northern leg of the project until 2013 is disheartening to many Americans who were looking forward to the new jobs that the project will bring. The issues that led to the postponing of the crucial decision revolve around environmental and safety issues. Since America has other major pipelines, it is worthwhile to examine the risks posed by the existing pipelines. Understanding of such risks will enable the government to indulge into the project with more safety caution rather than let it go completely. According to the Energy Information Administration, the Trans Alaska pipeline is a classical example of a pipeline constructed with relevant safety measures put into place to minimize potential effects to both the environment and people. Reliable sources reveal that the spill rates of oil have decreased immensely in the recent past. These statistics imply that the TransCanada pipeline project is viable and should receive approval. According to the Oil Information Service, it is a time when fuel and gas prices are rising at an alarming rate, it is critical for the government to analyze the possible effect of the keystone pipeline to the gas prices. It is evident that the pipeline will be tapping more fuel into the country and them increasing supply is likely to bring the prices down. Although many people are afraid that different hubs along the pipeline will have the capacity to readjust prices and raise them, their fears are unwarranted because the effect will be minimal. America is suffering and approval of the project will be a great relief in the current hard economic times. The white house relented from approving the northern leg of the project beca use of the short notice on which it had to make the decision. According to white house reports, there was no adequate time to analyze and assess the risks of the project and address all the environmental concerns. However, Trans Canada already has in place environmental regulations that can be of potential use to assess whether the project is worth a trial (Trans Canada corporation 1). America has the appropriate guidelines that should enable it to weigh out the potential of the pipeline. Bearing in mind that pipeline transport poses the
Thursday, September 26, 2019
Biological psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1
Biological psychology - Essay Example Biological psychology also looks at genetics and their influence on the chances of a person getting a disease. For example, theories on phobias look at heritability. It is believed that phobias run in families, and that if someone has this specific phobia there is a 64% chance a first degree relative will also have it. Examples of this are phobias of blood, injury and injection (Biopsychology, 2006). Studying monozygotic/MZ (identical) and dizygotic/DZ (un-identical) twins is also a method used by biological psychologists. With MZ twins, if one twin has a disorder, there is the likelihood that the other has it than DZ twins. This is explained as the MZ twins sharing 100% of their genes with DZ twins sharing only 50%. Adoption studies are also of interest to biological psychology. They help to rule out environmental factors, since these children have a genetical link to the disorder, but reared in an environment free from the contended disorder. In a way, this facilitates setting aside nature influences from nurture influences on the development of psychological disorders. Biological psychology is also interested in neurotransmitters, particularly on whether a specific neurotransmitter in some large or small amounts has an effect on a disorder. Depression, for example, is associated with low levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, a link established by studies looking at what drugs have curative effect on depression (Biopsychology, 2006). The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a diffusion barrier, which impedes entry of most compounds from blood to brain (Ballabh, Braun, & Nedergaard, 2004). Its general properties are such that large molecules do not pass through the BBB easily. Low lipid (fat) soluble molecules do not penetrate into the brain, and molecules that have a high electrical charge are slowed. The BBB is semi-permeable such that it allows some materials to cross, but prevents others from
Wednesday, September 25, 2019
Major theorist in the history of psychology Essay
Major theorist in the history of psychology - Essay Example Personal Development Horney experienced her parents divorce in 1905 and she was sent to stay with her father. At that time, she was old enough to go into medical school against the advice of her family. At this time, women were not given university education in most universities. She went to University of Freiburg because it was one of the first in Germany to admit women (Boeree, 2006). While in medical school, she met Oscar Horney, which she later married. They had three children and Horney felt the harsh discipline that her husband gave her children was good because they were encouraged to become independent (Langenderfer, 1999). Horney also lost her mother soon after she started medical school. All of these events caused great stress to her and she went into psychoanalysis. Adding to the stress, Horney's husband's business eventually collapsed and he developed meningitis and became a very disagreeable man. Horney's brother died years later from a pulmonary infection at the age of 40. This event thrust her deeper into depression so deeply in fact that she thought about suicide (Boeree, 2006). Horney eventually moved to the United States (New York) and began friendships with Harry Stack Sullivan and Erich Fromm, two men who would eventually become well known psychologists. Historical Development Horney became deeply involved with psychology and particularly orthodox Freudianism. She did not see this as a viable theory especially when it came to female psycho-sexual development. She realized that here were many socio-cultural factors that were important to human development and not as sexual as Freudians would have people believe. Eventually, she would have to found her own organization, the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis, because Freudians refused to accept her theories (Mazzarella, 1999). Horney's first book, The Neurotic Personality of Our Time, written in 1937, was the first of several books that would explore her ideas of neurosis and ho w culture affected the individual who had the neurosis. Her next book, Self-Analysis (1942), would focus on her own experiences with depression and her recovery from it. Horney wrote other books, articles and lectures as well as becoming a prominent teacher in the field, until her death in 1952 (Langenderfer, 1999). Major Contributions to Psychology According to Boeree (2006) the major contribution that Horney brought to psychology was her study of neurosis. At the time, Freudians felt that neurosis could be traced back to sexual need, but Horney brought a different view. She saw neurosis as part of everyday life and as something that people used to cope or control their life. In other words, this was what people did to attempt to live out their life. Horney saw that there were ten specific patterns of needs for neurosis. These ten patterns or neurotic needs are: 1. The need to be liked by other people and for affection and approval. 2. The need for a partner who will take care of t he individual and in fact, someone who will take over their life. 3. The need to restrict oneself to live with narrow borders that will cause the individual to live quietly and without notice. 4. The need for power and control over others. The feelings of omnipotence and to be dominant over those who are weaker. 5. The need to exploit other people and to take advantage of them. Neurotics have
Tuesday, September 24, 2019
Schindler's List Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Schindler's List - Essay Example This essay focuses on the use of expression within the film, that is one which is able to create a specific response by using various techniques. It is the use of cinematic effects that allows the film to have specific meaning and to create a relationship to the spectator. When reviewing â€Å"Schindler’s List,†it can be seen that the specific techniques in the movie make a difference in the impact that is felt with the horrors of the Holocaust. The ability for the director to adapt the film from the book to the screen is reliant on these techniques to convey the same message as the book. Instead of using the literature as a direct statement on film, there are interpretations of the descriptions of the literature, specifically to create the same impact that is on the film that is in the book and which relates to the Holocaust. The similarities between these two come from the main goal of creating a memory of the Holocaust while presenting an emotional understanding of the tragedies which occurred and how this was associated with the main ideologies of the time frame. However, the book is able to present the information with details, layout of characters and scenes, and with personal associations and details that are described. In the movie, there is a shorter period of time, which leads to cuts and changes of the plot and the characters. While both are effectively able to show the tragedies of the Holocaust, the movie and text differ in the techniques which are used and the overall presentation which is created through the war.
Monday, September 23, 2019
Cornflake Production Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Cornflake Production - Essay Example Most of the energy resources used are unclean and include mostly coal and petroleum fuels. These fuels are not only a threat to the environment but also costly. This implies that in the course of establishing and maintaining the energy management system, the most critical aspects need to be considered. The first action is to establish an energy policy to govern the use of energy in the plant. Next an energy management representative should be appointed. The resources can then be provided at this point. The main objective of the plant is to make profits (Kals & WÃ ¼rtenberger, 2012). The energy used should thus be affordable. One of the major objectives of the organization would be to minimize its costs and using cheap energy would be a great achievement. Nevertheless, this kind of energy has to be available because it would be impossible to plan on a source of energy that is difficult or too costly to find (Kals & WÃ ¼rtenberger, 2012). Given the current concern on global warming, environmental management is a key consideration in the type of energy used in industries. This concern means that high emissions should be avoided. This goal could only be achieved with energy resources that emits less carbon, sulfa, or any other chemicals that contribute to global warming (Kals & WÃ ¼rtenberger, 2012). In essence, the energy management philosophy would focus on three key factors. These factors include availability, cost, and environmental
Sunday, September 22, 2019
Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Research Proposal Example Exemplary programs that effectively accomplish this goal can be seen as a model for others educational agencies in the area to follow. Due to the explosive growth of the at-risk population over the past few decades, it is now time to reflect on the successes and failures of various initiatives and policies designed to reverse the trend and help young people in this population graduate. Providing a wide range of educational options to at-risk youth is a relatively new concept in American education, but one that is gaining momentum nationwide. Educators and other interested stakeholders are now working hard to determine the types of programs that, if properly implemented, can help at-risk youth to be successful. The knowledge gained from this research study will be useful in providing much needed information to the public and private educational sectors. This study will, therefore, provide information that individuals associated with educating at-risk youth can use to implement more ef fective programs that reach this population in a positive way. Statement of the Problem The problem is that high school students around the country are dropping out of school at alarming rates (Bracy, 2006). ... 270). Many strategies being implemented today focus on the needs of students at-risk of dropping out of school prior to graduation. Community members and concerned stakeholders, namely the public at large, sincerely hope that these new initiatives will provide a much needed spark to the role that education plays in society and, in particular, to the at-risk student population. Significance of the Problem This proposed study is important because it will examine avenues that local and state governments can explore to encourage young people to graduate high school. Because many areas of the country have historically encountered great difficulty in this area, various programs have been introduced and developed over time to help address the problem. Current data indicates, however, that these programs are not having much, if any, impact on graduation rates in many areas (Quach, 2005, p. 71). This study will then focus on discovering those initiatives that proving effective and can serve a s models for future at-risk education in other localities across the country. American society has long feared the implications of an uneducated populace. The purpose of the educational system in this country has been predicated on the premise that teachers prepare young people to become positive contributors to society (Sadker & Sadker, 2010). The significance of this reality is that educated people tend to offer their community more valuable services and skills and are less likely to exhibit negative behaviors. Currently, however, America is suffering from high drop out rates and some states are beginning to see a significant decrease in the number of at-risk youth going on to
Saturday, September 21, 2019
Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free
Health and Social Care Essay People use different ways to communicate with other people, depending on the situation in a health and social care setting. Informal is mostly used between people who know each other very well and formal for individuals who do not know others to well or have not met before. People who are expected to talk in a formal language in a health and social care setting are the care workers. Care workers should ensure they know the difference between the two different conversational languages and use the correct one accordingly. For this essay I will be analysing the two different ways to communicate to people and give examples to why people use these ways to communicate. Formal conversations are mostly used between two individuals who are of a profession or who have not met before. Formal language doesn’t use contractions for example, He is going out now. NOT he’s going out now. Vocabulary is also different, please refrain from smoking (formal) please don’t smoke (informal). According to stretch and whitehouse (2010, p6) ‘formal communication is understood by a wide range of people.’ This means that people from different backgrounds/ ages can understand the concepts of formal language. Informal language is less strict on grammar and often uses shorter sentences. Informal language also uses slang instead of using the correct words for things. This type of language is normally spoken and not written. It is ok to talk to friends in an informal manner but you wouldn’t talk to your patients about their medical guidelines in this language you would talk to them in a formal way. In a health and social care setting informal language could be used when you’re giving a patient an update if you’re just walking down the hall way. People need to know when it is acceptable to use either formal or informal language in a health and social care setting. If an individual doesn’t know when they are supposed to be using formal language then they can make themselves look unprofessional and that they don’t know how to speak in a formal manner. Also if they use informal instead of formal then it’s harder for people to communicate back in the group. In summary, informal and formal communication are quite different to each other. If an individual was to use the wrong form of language in a health and social care setting then they can make that person feel disrespected, whereas if they were to use the correct form then they can communicate more effectively. Bibliography STRECH, B. WHITEHOUSE, N. (eds) Health and Social Care Level 3 Book1, Pearson, Harlow Essex
Friday, September 20, 2019
Study of various RISC and CISC processor
Study of various RISC and CISC processor INTRODUCTION: The processor (CPU, for Central Processing Unit) is the computers brain. It allows the processing of numeric data, meaning information entered in binary form, and the execution of instructions stored in memory. The first microprocessor (Intel 4004) was invented in 1971. It was a 4-bit calculation device with a speed of 108 kHz. Since then, microprocessor power has grown exponentially. Operation The processor (called CPU, for Central Processing Unit) is an electronic circuit that operates at the speed of an internal clock thanks to a quartz crystal that, when subjected to an electrical currant, send pulses, called peaks. The clock speed (also called cycle), corresponds to the number of pulses per second, written in Hertz (Hz). Thus, a 200 MHz computer has a clock that sends 200,000,000 pulses per second. With each clock peak, the processor performs an action that corresponds to an instruction or a part there of. A measure called CPI (Cycles Per Instruction) gives a representation of the average number of clock cycles required for a microprocessor to execute an instruction. A microprocessor power can thus be characterized by the number of instructions per second that it is capable of processing. MIPS (millions of instructions per second) is the unit used and corresponds to the processor frequency divided by the CPI. One of the primary goals of computer architects is to design computers that are more cost effective than their predecessors. Cost-effectiveness includes the cost of hardware to manufacture the machine, the cost of programming, and costs incurred related to the architecture in debugging.Both the initial hardware and subsequent programs. If we review the history of computer families we find that the most common architectural change is the trend toward ever more complex machines. Presumably this additional complexity has a positive trade off with regard to the cost effectiveness of newer models. The Microprocessor Revolution:- The engine of the computer revolution is the microprocessor. It has led to new inventions, such as FAX machines and personal computers, as well as adding intelligence to existing devices, such as wristwatches and automobiles. Moreover, its performance has improved by a factor of roughly 10,000 in the 25 years since its birth in 1971. This increase coincided with the introduction of Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC). The instruction set is the hardware language in which the software tells the processor what to do. Surprisingly, reducing the size of the instruction set eliminating certain instructions based upon a careful quantitative analysis, and requiring these seldom-used instructions to be emulated in software can lead to higher performance, for several reasons:- REASONS FOR INCREASED COMPLEXITY Speed of Memory vs. Speed of CPU:- .from the 701 to the 709 [Cocke80]. The 701 CPU was about ten times as fast as the core main memory this made any primitives that were implemented as subroutines much slower than primitives that were instructions. 709 more cost-effective than the 701. Since then, many higher-level instructions have been added to machines in an attempt to improve performance. Microcode and LSI Technology:- Microprogrammed control allows the implementation of complex architectures more cost-effectively than hardwired control.Advances in integrated circuit memories made in the late 60s and early 70s have caused microprogrammed control to be the more cost-effective approach in almost every case. Once the decision is made to use microprogrammed control, the cost to expand an instruction set is very small; only a few more words of control store. Examples of such instructions are string editing, integer-to-floating conversion, and mathematical operations such as polynomial evaluation. Code Density:- With early computers, memory was very expensive. It was therefore cost effective to have very compact programs. Attempting to obtain code density by increasing the complexity of the instruction set is often a double-edged the cost of 10% more memory is often far cheaper than the cost of squeezing 10% out of the CPU by architectural innovations. Marketing Strategy:- Unfortunately, the primary goal of a computer company is not to design the most cost-effective computer; the primary goal of a computer company is to make the most money by selling computers. In order to sell computers manufacturers must convince customers that their design is superior to their competitors.In order to keep their jobs, architects must keep selling new and better designs to their internal management. Upward Compatibility:- Coincident with marketing strategy is the perceived need for upward compatibility. Upward compatibility means that the primary way to improve a design is to add new, and usually more complex, features. Seldom are instructions or addressing modes removed from an architecture, resulting in a gradual increase in both the number and complexity of instructions over a series of computers. Support for High Level Languages:- As the use of high level languages becomes increasingly popular, manufacturers have become eager to provide more powerful instructions to support them. Unfortunately there is little evidence to suggest that any of the more complicated instruction sets have actually provided such support.The effort to support high-level languages is laudable, but we feel that often the focus has been on the wrong issues. Use of Multiprogramming:- The rise of timesharing required that computers be able to respond to interrupts with the ability to halt an executing process and restart it at a later time. Memory management and paging additionally required that instructions could be halted before completion and later restarted. RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computing) The acronym RISC (pronounced risk), for reduced instruction set computing, represents a CPU design strategy emphasizing the insight that simplified instructions that do less may still provide for higher performance if this simplicity can be utilized to make instructions execute very quickly. Many proposals for a precise definition have been attempted, and the term is being slowly replaced by the more descriptive load-store architecture. Being an old idea, some aspects attributed to the first RISC-labeled designs (around 1975) include the observations that the memory restricted compilers of the time were often unable to take advantage of features intended to facilitate coding, and that complex addressing inherently takes many cycles to perform. It was argued that such functions would better be performed by sequences of simpler instructions, if this could yield implementations simple enough to cope with really high frequencies, and small enough to leave room for many registers, factoring out slow memory accesses. Uniform, fixed length an instruction with arithmetics restricted to registers was chosen to ease instruction pipelining in these simple designs, with special load-store instructions accessing memory. The RISC Design Strategies:- The basic RISC principle: A simpler CPU is a faster CPU. The focus of the RISC design is reduction of the number and complexity of instructions in the ISA. A number of the more common strategies include: 1) Fixed instruction length, generally one word. This simplifies instruction fetch. 2) Simplified addressing modes. 3) Fewer and simpler instructions in the instruction set. 4) Only load and store instructions access memory; no add memory to register, add memory to memory, etc. 5) Let the compiler do it. Use a good compiler to break complex high-level language statements into a number of simple assembly language statements. Typical characteristics of RISC:- For any given level of general performance, a RISC chip will typically have far fewer transistors dedicated to the core logic which originally allowed designers to increase the size of the register set and increase internal parallelism. Other features, which are typically found in RISC architectures, are: Uniform instruction format, using a single word with the opcode in the same bit positions in every instruction, demanding less decoding; Identical general purpose registers, allowing any register to be used in any context, simplifying compiler design (although normally there are separate floating point registers); Simple addressing modes. Complex addressing performed via sequences of arithmetic and/or load-store operations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed length instructions which (a) are easier to decode than variable length instructions, and (b) use fast, inexpensive memory to execute a larger piece of code. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hardwired controller instructions (as opposed to microcoded instructions). This is where RISC really shines as hardware implementation of instructions is much faster and uses less silicon real estate than a microstore area. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fused or compound instructions which are heavily optimized for the most commonly used functions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pipelined implementations with goal of executing one instruction (or more) per machine cycle. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Large uniform register set à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ minimal number of addressing modes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ no/minimal support for misaligned accesses. RISC Examples:- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Apple iPods (custom ARM7TDMI SoC) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Apple iPhone (Samsung ARM1176JZF) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Palm and PocketPC PDAs and smartphones (Intel XScale family, Samsung SC32442 ARM9) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Nintendo Game Boy Advance (ARM7) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Nintendo DS (ARM7, ARM9) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sony Network Walkman (Sony in-house ARM based chip) Advantages of RISC * Speed * Simpler hardware * Shorter design cycle * User (programmers benifits) Disadvantages Of RISC q A more sophisticated compiler is required q A sequence of RISC instructions is needed to implement complex instructions. q Require very fast memory systems to feed them instructions. q Performance of a RISC application depend critically on the quality of the code generated by the compiler. CISC(complex instruction set computer) A complex instruction set computer (CISC, pronounced like sisk) is a computer instruction set architecture (ISA) in which each instruction can execute several low-level operations, such as a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and a memory store, all in a single instruction. Performance:- Some instructions were added that were never intended to be used in assembly language but fit well with compiled high level languages. Compilers were updated to take advantage of these instructions. The benefits of semantically rich instructions with compact encodings can be seen in modern processors as well, particularly in the high performance segment where caches are a central component (as opposed to most embedded systems). This is because these fast, but complex and expensive, memories are inherently limited in size, making compact code beneficial. Of course, the fundamental reason they are needed is that main memories (i.e. dynamic RAM today) remain slow compared to a (high performance) CPU-core. ADVANTAGES OF CISC * A new processor design could incorporate the instruction set of its predecessor as a subset of an ever-growing languageno need to reinvent the wheel, code-wise, with each design cycle. * Fewer instructions were needed to implement a particular computing task, which led to lower memory use for program storage and fewer time-consuming instruction fetches from memory. * Simpler compilers sufficed, as complex CISC instructions could be written that closely resembled the instructions of high-level languages. In effect, CISC made a computers assembly language more like a high-level language to begin with, leaving the compiler less to do. DISADVANTAGES OF CISC * The first advantage listed above could be viewed as a disadvantage. That is, the incorporation of older instruction sets into new generations of processors tended to force growing complexity. * Many specialized CISC instructions were not used frequently enough to justify their existence. The existence of each instruction needed to be justified because each one requires the storage of more microcode at in the central processing unit (the final and lowest layer of code translation), which must be built in at some cost. * Because each CISC command must be translated by the processor into tens or even hundreds of lines of microcode, it tends to run slower than an equivalent series of simpler commands that do not require so much translation. All translation requires time. * Because a CISC machine builds complexity into the processor, where all its various commands must be translated into microcode for actual execution, the design of CISC hardware is more difficult and the CISC design cycle correspondingly long; this means delay in getting to market with a new chip. Comparison of RISC and CISC This table is taken from an IEEE tutorial on RISC architecture. CISC Type Computers RISC Type IBM 370/168 VAX-11/780 Intel 8086 RISC I IBM 801 Developed 1973 1978 1978 1981 1980 Instructions 208 303 133 31 120 Instruction size (bits) 16 48 16 456 8 32 32 32 Addressing Modes 4 22 6 3 3 General Registers 16 16 4 138 32 Control Memory Size 420 Kb 480 Kb Not given 0 0 Cache Size 64 Kb 64 Kb Not given 0 Not given However, nowadays, the difference between RISC and CISC chips is getting smaller and smaller. RISC and CISC architectures are becoming more and more alike. Many of todays RISC chips support just as many instructions as yesterdays CISC chips. The PowerPC 601, for example, supports more instructions than the Pentium. Yet the 601 is considered a RISC chip, while the Pentium is definitely CISC. RISCs are leading in:- * New machine designs * Research funding * Publications * Reported performance * CISCs are leading in: * REVENUE Performance * The CISC approach attempts to minimize the number of instructions per program, sacrificing the number of cycles per instruction. * RISC does the opposite, reducing the cycles per instruction at the cost of the number of instructions per program. * Hybrid solutions: * RISC core CISC interface * Still has specific performance tuning Future Aspects Todays microprocessors are roughly 10,000 times faster than their ancestors. And microprocessor-based computer systems now cost only 1/40th as much as their ancestors, when inflation is considered. The result: an overall cost-performance improvement of roughly 1,000,000, in only 25 years! This extraordinary advance is why computing plays such a large role in todays world. Had the research at universities and industrial laboratories not occurred had the complex interplay between government, industry, and academia not been so successful a comparable advance would still be years away. Microprocessor performance can continue to double every 18 months beyond the turn of the century. This rate can be sustained by continued research innovation. Significant new ideas will be needed in the next decade to continue the pace; such ideas are being developed by research groups today. Conclusion The research that led to the development of RISC architectures represented an important shift in computer science, with emphasis moving from hardware to software. The eventual dominance of RISC technology in high-performance workstations from the mid to late 1980s was a deserved success. In recent years CISC processors have been designed that successfully overcome the limitations of their instruction set architecture that is more elegant and power-efficient, but compilers need to be improved and clock speeds need to increase to match the aggressive design of the latest Intel processors. REFERENCES: Books: 1. Computer system Architecture by M. Morris Mano 2. Processor Archicture by jurij silc, Borut Robic 3. George Radin, The 801 Minicomputer, IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol.27 No.3, 1983 4. John Cocke and V. Markstein, The evolution of RISC technology at IBM, IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol.34 No.1, 1990 5. Dileep Bhandarkar, RISC versus CISC: A Tale of Two Chips, Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California Encyclopedia: 1. Encarta 2. Britanica
Thursday, September 19, 2019
Muslim Attitudes to Marriage and Family Life :: Papers, Religion, Culture
Muslim Attitudes to Marriage and Family Life Works Cited Missing In Islam, marriage is a partnership. Muslim women accept only Allah as their master, and do not therefore consider themselves to be inferior to a husband. It is basic in Muslim society that the man is responsible for the family's welfare and business outside the home, but the woman has virtually absolute rights within it so long as her behaviour does not shame her provider or husband. No institution works well without a clear leader, and therefore there should be one in every family. Most Muslim women are quite happy for this leader to be the man. If the man is not worth respecting, divorce is a straightforward matter, and the woman may look for a better one. Sometimes the woman in a household is more intelligent or organized or practical than the man, so he will quite sensibly leave most matters to her-but in Islam he is still responsible for her and therefore must take care of her and try to provide for her as much as he could and not just take advantage of her advantage of her. The women usually live with the husband's family but must be treated with the same respect and not considered an outsider. Marriage and family life are considered to be very important in Islam. Traditionally the man's duty is to go out to work to support the family and the woman's duty is to bring up the children and look after the household. The father makes the main decisions whilst the mother is important within the home and must be shown respect by her husband and children. This is seen as the natural order of things and the way Allah intended men and women to live. The man was also considered to be the provider for the family. Muslims believe that their household is an institution founded by God and intended to give a secure atmosphere for the growth and progress of all its members. Anything, which weakens or disrupts it, therefore
Wednesday, September 18, 2019
Essay on Symbolism in Kafkas Metamorphosis -- Kafka Metamorphosis Ess
Symbolism in Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis  Kafka uses symbolism in his short story, Metamorphosis. He uses this technique to make the reader try and figure out what was going on in his head. He brought out in this story many things about his life, including his father/family, love life, and his future. He used metaphors to show his love for people in his life. This story is autobiographical about the forces that control Franz Kafka's life. In this paper I will explain how Kafka relates his life to the readers through the story in Metamorphosis.            Franz Kafka had trouble at home with his father. His father wanted him to become a lawyer, but Franz did not want to be a lawyer, he wanted to be a writer. He went to law school against his will, because his father wanted him to go there. He then took a high paying position with the government of Czechoslovakia in an insurance post. In the story, Gregor?s father had very little respect for him, and Gregor had to work to pay off the family debts. That is an example of Gregor?s father?s control over his life and Kafka?s situation was similar. He eventually was forced to become a lawyer, whereas what Kafka wanted was a literary degree.            Franz Kafka made his character, Gregor, transform into an insect in the story. Nobody wants to associate themselves with an insect, which is a lowly creature, a pest, or nuisance. This symbolizes Kafka?s depression and his poor self image. Since his family treats the insect like an outcast, that must be how Franz felt about the treatment that his own family gave him. It showed the control that his father put on him. He was not allowed to leave his room. Gregor?s parents were so afraid to take... ... After Gregor dies, at the end of the story, his parents notice that his sister has grown up into a beautiful woman and they feel that it is time for her to get married. This means that they used Gregor as the pawn who went out and supported them. Now that his sister is grown up they can force her into marrying a rich man. Then they would be well off for a long time to come. They can now control the daughter like they did Gregor. Grete?s new husband can support the whole family. Once she is married, she too will then become a pawn, a victim of her parents control.             The main theme of the story is the effect of other?s control on a person such as his relationship with his father, and how his father for controlled his life. He realized that he was his own person when he could escape from his father?s control, even if the only escape was death.
Tuesday, September 17, 2019
Positive and Negative Impacts of Postmodernism Essay
Having its roots in the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, modernism was the era of universal truth which was objectively understood and interpreted by humankind. Postmodernism, the period starting around 1950’s to present, rejects this notion of an objective and universal truth. Instead the postmodernist view of meaning is ambiguous and truth is relative to an individual or a group. Furthermore, postmodernism rejects the validity of grand narratives, such as religion, and their attempt to conceptualize existence from within a single rational and linguistic framework (â€Å"IDH†). Both positive and negative impacts arrive from such notion. The positive impact is that the goal of an individual or a group is to build relationship with God, no matter what religion they are. Therefore, the group becomes united. For example, Mega Church in Cleveland, demonstrates the Kingdom of God in its embrace of people of all races and religious backgrounds. The negative impact is expres sed through the fallible and multi-layered truth. It is impossible for an individual or a group to know the actual truth, and as a result, postmodernism undermines people’s beliefs. Postmodernism, an essay by Doy Moyer, a former priest who became a professor at Florida College, summarizes the negative impact of postmodernism. In order to better understand this aspect of postmodernism, one should take a closer look at its impact. The postmodernist groups reject the idea of an absolute truth, or religion, because truth is relative to the community in which they participate (Sparks). The truth is based on their experience of God by building relationship with Him. The Mega Church in Cleveland demonstrates such an idea. â€Å"The church consists of converted Muslim, completed Jew, Irish, Italian, a large delegation of Hispanic, Caucasian, and African-American members, of all walks of life†(Mega). The church’s postmodernist character welcomes those individuals or groups who see God relative to themselves. According to Michael Summers, director of church services at Wayland Baptist University, postmodernism focus on building relationships and connections. This ideal directly affects how the church as an organization relates to the church as the body of God. Disregarding the racial and religious differences, people are willing to unite and experience the truth as it applies to them. â€Å"When it comes to choosing a church, postmodernists will search for a church that best fits them in terms of shaping relationship with God†(Park). An individual or a group seeks God not by aligning themselves with a certain religion, but through their faith and their emotions such as love for God. There is also a negative impact to postmodernism. Postmodernism undermines people’s beliefs and distorts the actual truth. The essay Postmodernism, by Doy Moyer, explains such contradiction. According to the postmodern worldview, there are no such things as absolutes†¦ All ideas, all actions, no matter how different from â€Å"ours,†must be accepted†¦ One should be able to see how such a worldview is antagonistic toward those who believe in the inspiration of the Bible†¦ To say that we must tolerate everyone, then refuse to tolerate those who don’t kowtow to the movement, is sheer hypocrisy (Moyer). It is evident that the truth is altered due to relativity and diverse ideas, views, and outlooks. Such notion undermines people’s beliefs, leaving them with no idea what to believe in. Reason is to be distrusted because there is no way to know which person’s reason is reliable. There is no such thing as objectivity. There is no â€Å"truth†to appeal to for understanding histor y and culture. Texts, whether religious or philosophical or literary, do not have intrinsic meaning (Beverly). Disregarding the concrete historical religious texts such as Bible and Koran, an individual or a group is left with its unreliable experiences and unsupported views. The truth, thus, becomes multi-layered and fallible. The Mega Church in Cleveland is a great example of a positive impact of postmodernism. It unites people of different races and religious backgrounds in order to build a relationship with God. The downside is that people rely on their own experiences and ideas, since no truth is gained from religious texts such Bible and Koran. Such impact is explained in the work of Doy Moyer, called Postmodernism. Postmodernism allows people to, through personal experiences, gain knowledge and truth about God, which in process becomes relative and, at the same time, fallible. It rejects the grand narrative, religion, and its attempt to conceptualize the existence and God from within a single rational and linguistic framework (IDH). Works Cited Beverly, James. â€Å"Postmodernism†. John Mark Ministries. 22 Apr. 2007 . IDH Staff. â€Å"IDH Student’s Unit 5 Guide to Postmodernism†. 10 Apr. 2007. IDH 2121. Valencia Community College. 22 Apr. 2007 Mega Church Official Website. 22 Apr. 2007 < http://www.megachurch.com/about.php>. Moyer, Doy. â€Å"Postmodernism†. 22 Apr. 2007 < http://www.inplainsite.org/html/ postmodernism.html>. Park, Vivian S. â€Å"Positive and Negative Impact of Postmodernism on Christianity†. 7 Jun. 2004. Christian Post. 22 Apr. 2007 < http://www.christianpost.com/article/ 20040607/7138.htm>. Sparks, Noy. â€Å"Postmodernism†. Valencia Community College. 22 Apr. 2007.
Monday, September 16, 2019
English Writtentask
Candidate Session Number: Session: May 2014 Written Task Assignment Writing diary entries from Blanches point of view about her emotions toward Stanley: A streetcar named desire Rationale In part 4 of our English course, we study and analyze famous literature works such as Shakespeare â€Å"Othello†and Tennessee Williwaw's â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†. For this written task, we have to choose an Imaginative way of exploring an apse's of the material we have studied. In other words, it is a creative assignment regarding an aspect or theme of either â€Å"Othello†or â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†.I have chosen to explore the character of Balance by writing diary entries In which Balance begins to be delusional due to Stanley actions towards her and how this makes her feel towards Stanley. Looking at both characters, we can see that both of them are opposites of each other. Balance, coming from a wealthy family and also from the south, has a higher stat us and therefore expects men to treat women with respect because this is what she experienced during most of her life. On the other hand, Stanley, coming from new Orleans, but representing the new American, shows obvious difference In character from Balance.Stanley Is portrayed as a brute, having power over both female and a sense, male characters too. By writing diary entries from Blanches point of view, we are able to see the difference between the cultures from south and the new America ,the difference of social status affecting how Balance treats Stanley. Dear diary, 1 OFF taken the wrong streetcar! Oh how can this be where my dear sister, Stella, lives? After being brought up by the wealth of our great family, I had great expectations in my head!After the loss of belle reeve – the struggling, all those deaths – I had to endure – it has made me as weak as the crumbling walls of an old house. What do I have to do to deserve a trip to paradise? If life hasn't given me enough troubles a sane human being can handle, here comes my lovely brother-in-law, Mr. Stanley Kowalski. Oh what an, interesting man he is, asking me questions about my past that I tried so hard to lock up, and stow away, And what nerve! Snatching my love letters from my young husband, my sweet,sweet boy, he is definitely an inquirer.I can see, o, that he's of the more primitive side of nature, the way he walks and talks, not like the gentlemen who used to call for me for hours and hours till I replied them. If one Stanley Kowalski wasn't enough, what about four of them? I've never expected the gathering of the apes, nor have I seen that many in one place! Oh Stanley Kowalski, the alpha male, saying that I could not kibitz-who does he think he is, the king of the house? And the way he treats Stella,my dear sister, embarrassing her inferno of his friends. His true colors shine through and no man, no man in the world treats a woman this way.Oh What did she ever do to that be ast, what makes her deserve such a life? And what does a girl need to do to enjoy herself around here? Can't Stella and I enjoy a little conversation between ourselves without having Stanley blowing his top off? Oh, the destruction that trails after Stanley, almost like a shadow. What a monster! He attacked my baby sister, how ruthless can he be? Kindness†¦ Please find your way to me†¦ Please find your way to Stella as she most certainly needs it. Dear diary: I cannot believe Stella! After what Stanley had done to her, she's still with that monster.She told me about their romantic times together and how thrilling it is to have him smash their lightships with the heel of her slipper. Am I the only one who sees that she's in danger? Or that her head is way too far into the clouds to see what an animal Stately is. She's a damsel in distress, and I have to save her. To save her from the beast. Like a circulating rumor spreading ever so quickly through the high school corridors , my disgust for Stanley certainty escalates at that speed. Even after that big speech I gave Stella, after telling how awful and, Oh so common Stanley really is, she still effuses to listen.What she's feeling is Just brutal desire – Just desire! – that old tin can which rattles through up and down the street! And my, it's been a long time since I empty hole, lingering in my heart. Mitch missed my birthday today†¦ Something must be terribly wrong for he did not sneer my calls. I'm afraid that the truth would come out any moment, and that Stanley will spill the beards, ruining our relationship†¦. Mitch knows, Stanley must've told him. Oh, he must have told Mitch something about me! How can I face Mitch, face everyone? My image now tainted by the colors of shame.I can't let them know my past for I have been hiding it for so long. No, I can't let get out, not right now†¦ He must have been to Laurel-to the Flamingo! Oh what have I done to deserve this? After all I have suffered for Belle reeve, all I have sacrificed to fill my lonely soul, I deserve to be treated with kindness and love- after all that God has put me through. Isn't it time for a change? May miracles happen and Stanley will forever keep it to himself. Oh how silly of me, of course he wouldn't. And now, my reality is slowly ribbing onto my dreams.Grabbing aloud of everything and turning it into a nightmare. Dear diary: Stanley†¦ Stanley-he†¦ Confronted me today. He was so happy at first, being a father and all. I was so relieved to see that Stanley Kowalski, was having a normal conversation with me, Balance! He told me stories about his cousin, the human bottle opener. And even opened a bottle to celebrate with me! I mean, maybe Stanley Kowalski, the brute, the Pollack isn't so bad after all. It must have been something I said†¦ After Mitch had torn my paper lantern, exposing my light.I feel weak of the mind, like someone has torn out a piece of my brain. N onetheless, I'm still and always will be a woman of intelligence and breeding, enough for my future husband , the wonderful Sheep Hunting. What every rich man needs is a woman. A woman with a beauty of the mind, richness of the spirit and tenderness of the heart, and I have all those things! He came after me†¦ He insulted me†¦ Calling my dress a worn-out Marci-grass outfit rented for fifty cents†¦ I tried to stop him, I tried calling Mr. Hunting but it was no use. It was inevitable, I was weak, I†¦ Gave up†¦
Sunday, September 15, 2019
Research Problem Statement
INTERNATIONAL ANTI-SMOKING CAMPAIGNERS THREATENING THE FUTURE OF THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY IN MALAWI. Tobacco is Malawi’s green gold. Tobacco earns about 60% of Malawi’s forex thereby qualifying to be the major contributor to Malawi’s economy. For the past few years, the tobacco marketing season has been characterized by high rejection rates at the auction floors, a great number of bales returning with no sales, and low average prices.The 2011 tobacco marketing season proved to be the worst with burley average price falling by 41% from US$1. 90/kg in 2010 to US$1. 13/kg in 2011. The total average price on the auction floors was 33% lower as compared to the 2010 average price (US$1. 86/kg to US$1. 24/kg). International Tobacco Growers’ Association (ITGA) Tobacco Courier: Quarterly Publication No. 52 December 2011 – www. tobaccoleaf. org. Although the average price for all tobacco types improved in the 2012 marketing season from US$1. 4/kg in 2011 to US$2. 22/kg in 2012, the volumes of the crop dropped significantly from 208 million kgs in 2011 to 79. 6 million kgs in 2012 representing a drop of about 62%. – TCC 2012 Tobacco Sales Summary. This could be as a result of the impact the poor prices had on tobacco farmers in the previous season and also the uncertainty surrounding the future of tobacco production due to international treaties like the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FTCT).In November, 2010, the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) CoP4 through their Working Committees on various Articles of FCTC, approved in principle to regulate flavouring ingredients which they believe increases the attractiveness of tobacco products. The Conference also recommended the restriction or total banning of additives or flavourings used in the manufacturing of tobacco products. Internet Source: www. tobaccoleaf. org. (21. 08. 2012).A number of other recommen dations were also discussed which when adopted would mean doom for the tobacco industry. Malawi is one of the countries to be affected if WHO-FTCT’s measures are adopted. Malawi should therefore lobby for international support in ensuring that recommendations and guidelines by the WHO-FCTC are not implemented without considering Malawi’s concerns since tobacco production remains the backbone of Malawi’s economy and a livelihoods for most Malawians in the rural areas.
Saturday, September 14, 2019
Reflection Paper Temple Grandin
Temple Grandin Emergence: Labeled Autistic Positive Outcomes Born in 1949, Temple Grandin was first diagnosed with brain damage at the age of three and then, at the age of five, labeled Autistic. Today Temple Grandin, self-labeled as a recovered autistic, is a well-respected doctor in animal science, a professor at Colorado State University, a bestselling author, an autism activist, and a leading consultant to the livestock industry on animal behavior.While it is easily argued that Temple Grandin’s life does not represent the norm for most children with autism, her autobiography, Emergence: Labeled Autistic (1986) offers a powerful picture of the influences and experiences that steered Temple through her journey ‘emerging’ from autism. Considering Temple’s challenging behaviors as a toddler and the norms for the time, it would not have been surprising if Temple’s mother had followed the advice of the doctors and placed Temple into an institution at t he age of three or kept her isolated at home.Instead, her mother provided therapy and activities that kept Temple â€Å"from tuning out and failing to develop†(p. 20). At the age of three, Temple began regular therapy with a speech teacher who â€Å"helped [her] hear the consonants by stretching out and enunciating the consonants†(p. 17). Although the reader only has a glimpse of the challenge it must have been, it is clear that Temple was included in the daily and special activities of her family’s life with little allowances made for her atypical behavior: â€Å"Being a child of the 1950’s was an advantage because of structured Miss Manners meals and lots of turn-taking games kept me tuned in.The family meals and games also taught essential social skills†(p. 20). As Temple grew older, her mother continued to strive for Temple to have a normal life, enrolling her in kindergarten at the age of five, while also taking a proactive role in preventi ng problems before they happened. â€Å"The school I attended was a small private school for normal children. Mother had discussed my problems extensively with the teachers. On the first day of school I was kept home so that the teachers could explain to the other children that I was different†(p. 32).Temple’s mother was consistently an advocate for her; she did not shy away from providing Temple with experiences that would be challenging for Temple, for herself or for others. The summer after third grade, Temple went to sleep away camp. Even though this experience could be labeled a failure, Temple’s mother did not place the blame on Temple; she believed that the poor outcomes were the result of the adults handling the situation ineffectually. â€Å"When Temple is in secure surroundings where she feels love above all, and appreciation, her compulsive behavior dwindles†(p. 2). â€Å"The second problem was the camp personnel’s lack of insightâ₠¬ (p. 55). After graduating from her small elementary school, at the advice of her teachers and therapists, Temple was enrolled in a large private school. When it became clear that this setting was not appropriate for Temple, her mother, once again did not blame Temple. â€Å"I explained and she listened carefully. As usual, she stood up for me†(p. 68). Temple’s mother then took considerable time (and, in likelihood, spent considerable amount of money) to find a school that would be the best match for Temple.With Temple’s input, Temple’s mother selected the Mountain Country School in Vermont. â€Å"The Mountain Country School was started for gifted children like you†(p. 70). The Mountain Country School, as described by Temple, appeared to be an ideal school for children with high-functioning autism even by today’s understanding and standards. The basic philosophy of the school rested upon the principle of permitting students an opportuni ty to achieve what they could in specific areas, while at the same time both academic and personal allowances were made for areas of emotional handicaps (p. 2). There were four essential areas for both the school and the individual: an understanding of an individual’s personal problems and what to do to correct them; mastery of study skills; developing the social skills essential to everyday association; and the competition of everyday living either in or out of school (p. 72). Throughout Temple’s ‘emergence from autism’, Temple’s mother focused on Temple’s strengths and affirmed Temple’s differences and way of looking at the world. In letters to Temple, Mrs. Grandin wrote, â€Å"Be proud you are different.All bright people who have contributed to life have been different and found the path of life lonely. While the joiners and social butterflies flutter about, Temple, you’ll get real things done (p. 124). â€Å"You need symbo ls. You live them. Like a work of art they are a physical expression of what you feel†(p. 125). â€Å"Wanting to grow really loves yourself, loving the best part of yourself†(p. 148). Temple’s mother was not her only champion. While at the Mountain Country School, a teacher, Mr. Carlock emerged as an influential mentor for Temple. Like Temple’s mother, Mr.Carlock â€Å"didn’t see any labels, just the underlying talents†(p. 90). â€Å"He didn’t try to draw [Temple] into his world but came instead into [her] world†(p. 90). Through Mr. Carlock, Temple learnt many social skills. â€Å"He didn’t preach but showed by his own conduct a social perception that I envied and tried to emulate. From him I was learning humanistic values that I lacked because of my autism†(p. 91). Mr. Carlock did not try to force Temple to study material simply because it was the curriculum. Instead he started with where she was and used her interests to connect her to learning. â€Å"We start with you, Temple.If you want to prove your theory, then you’ll have to learn math, read scientific articles in the library, do some research†(p. 107). He realized that fighting Temple’s fixations was futile; instead he â€Å"channeled [her] fixations into constructive projects†(p. 90). These projects benefited Temple in many ways: she learned through creating; she was motivated to learn academics that might help with her projects; she stayed focused and busy which decreased her anxiety and limited her chances of ‘getting into trouble’; and she was productive, raising her worth both in her own eyes and that of her teachers and peers.Like Temple’s mother, Mr. Carlock affirmed Temple’s worth. â€Å"You’re a gifted individual, Temple- much more than any individual with just sex appeal. Your appeal, when you grow up to it, will be not only physical but intellectual, tooà ¢â‚¬ (p. 92). Years later, Mr. Carlock, perhaps unaware of what he is doing, sums up his own successful approach in his preface for Temple’s autobiography, â€Å"†¦there is hope for the autistic child – that deep, constant caring, understanding, acceptance, appropriately high expectations, and support and encouragement for what is best in him will provide a base, from which he can grow to his own potential†(p. ). From a very young age, Temple began to dream about â€Å"a magical device that would provide intense, pleasant pressure stimulation to [her] body. In [her] imagination this wonderful machine would not be a substitute to [her] mother’s hugs, but would be available at any time to soothe [her]†(p. 36). Perhaps due to her high intelligence and the acceptance by the adults around her, Temple was able to hypothesis the similarities of experiences that made her feel better. â€Å"Since I had no magical, comfort device, I wrapped myself in a blanket or got under sofa cushions to satisfy my desire for tactile stimulation.At night, I tucked in the sheets and blankets tightly and then slid in under them. Sometimes I wore cardboard posters like a sandwich board man because I enjoyed the pressure of the boards against my body†(p. 37). Through a lucky twist of fate, during a summer visit to her aunt’s ranch, Temple encounters a cattle squeeze machine; a strongly built stall for holding cattle still to minimize the risk of injury to both the animal and the operator whilst work on the animal is performed. Temple was fascinated by the squeeze machine: she observed over and over that when placed in this machine, the nervous animals calmed down.When Temple climbs into the squeeze machine herself, she finds that it has a similar effect on her own nerves: â€Å"the effect was both stimulating and relaxing at the same time†(p. 95). The magic device, ‘the squeeze machine’ came to play a signific ant role in Temple’s journey. First, it became another project for her to focus constructively on. It also began to give Temple some control over her debilitating anxiety. The device also provided Temple with an incentive as she â€Å"wouldn’t allow [herself] the relaxation/stimulation of the chute until [her] homework was completed†(p. 00). In college, proving the value of the squeeze machine for herself and other individual’s with autism became a purpose for learning skills and subjects that did not come easily to Temple. Eventually, the squeeze machine became a major reason for Temple’s career choice. During her time at Mountain Country School, Temple was able to find spiritual strength in visiting The Crow’s Nest. The Crow’s Nest was a small observation room on the roof where Temple could look out and see the mountains.With the characteristically literal thinking of an individual with autism, Temple had latched on to a Bible read ing she heard at chapel: â€Å"Before each of you there is a door opening into heaven. Open it and be saved†(p. 84). Temple began to search for the door. She finds a little wooden door that opened out onto the roof and to The Crow’s Nest. For Temple, this door, this place became her door to her Heaven where she could feel safe, hopeful and peaceful and was able to explore herself: her past, her present and her future.Temple believed that in going through this little door, in spending time in the Crow’s Nest, she experienced an awakening of her soul and mind (p. 87). The Crow’s Nest became a symbol to Temple that she could move forward, walk through new doors and grow. While most of Temple’s ‘emergence from autism’ took place before research on positive transition outcomes for children with disabilities, it is easy to see that Temple’s experiences demonstrate what research confirms to be true.Positive transition outcomes are mor e likely when parents or other family are involved; when the student has experienced school and community inclusion; the student has input into the goals; the student has had opportunity for employment experiences prior to graduation from secondary school; the student has an appropriate level of social competence; he student has developed skills and talents that are wanted and needed by the employers; the student has self-determination and self-advocacy skills; and the student has postsecondary education.Parent Involvement Temple was blessed with a mother who provided practical and emotional support as well as sourcing appropriate resources for Temple including therapy, a skilled nanny, schools and other experiences that helped Temple develop. Throughout her life other individuals took a personal interest in Temple, acting as mentors and guiding her academically and socially. The affirmation that Temple received from her mother and her mentors fueled Temple’s will to succeed. Experience in School and Community InclusionFrom the beginning Temple’s mother facilitated Temple’s inclusion in school and the community. Temple attended schools for typical children, was expected to participate in family activities, was supported in having friends, learned to swim and ride horses and attended summer camp. When a difficulty arrived, her mother advocated strongly for Temple while accepting Temple’s challenges. And when necessary, Temple’s mother sought out another school and community that was a better match for Temple. Student has Input into GoalsTemple’s teachers and mentors followed Temple’s interests, her fixations, and used these interests to persuade Temple to learn academic skills that did not interest her directly. Her interest in animals leads her to a degree in Animal Science. Temple states in her introduction, â€Å"Successful people with Asperger’s that I see †¦ were able to develop their ‘tal ent’ area into skill that other people appreciate and want†(p. 16). Self-determination and Self-advocacy Skills It is probably that Temple was born with a certain amount of determination to do what she wanted.Although often what she wanted was not what others wanted, this determination was refocused by her mentors into productive goals and projects that took into account what Temple wanted. Postsecondary Education Temple, with the support from both old and new mentors, attended college and graduate school. The college was carefully selected to meet Temple’s needs. â€Å"I will forever bless those who selected a small college for me†(p. 107). Skills and Talents that are wanted and needed by Employers/Opportunity for Employment Experiences From early on Temple was encouraged to create things.Later on she had opportunities to build and repair useful things such as a system to open the gate to her aunt’s ranch from the car. Although details are not gi ven in Emergence, the book suggests that she had responsibilities at Mountain Country School to help with the farm and the horses. During her visit to her aunt’s ranch she is encouraged to try out running different equipment. The summer after high school graduation Temple spends the summer working at her Aunt’s ranch. While at college she works with children with disabilities.Temple herself advocates: â€Å"Develop their talents into skills that can be used in a job or hobby. The goal is to provide them with skills that can give them satisfaction in life through shared interests. Some of the happiest people in the autism spectrum are the ones who have friends that share their special interest†(p 14). Social competence Through opportunity, experiences, role models and guidance from mentors she respected and felt cared for by, Temple was able to learn sufficient social competence to continue her education and hold jobs.Temple Grandin’s book, Emergence, off ers a real life example of how love, support, experiences and appropriate teaching and guidance can allow an individual to overcome her disability. While Temple stands out as an astonishing story of success, where everything that contributed to her positive outcome came together almost as a miracle, educators and parents of children with difficulties can use her experiences combined with the more recent research to plan deliberately to improve positive outcomes for their children.
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