Why I Became a Speech Pathologist Essay - 741 Words

If you fail to plan, you plan to fail. I can hear one of my grandmothers highly regarded quotes resonating inside my head. Apprehension consumed me when I entered college as an undecided major. Unexpectedly that all changed a few weeks into my first semester. My grandmother had a stroke which ultimately affected her speech and was in dire need of a Speech Pathologist. This is what initially sparked my interest in this field. I was determined on working with the geriatric population because of the experience and attachment I endured with my grandmother. However, the irrefutable fact that this is my passion became evident when I started working as an Assistant Teacher at Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech. At Clarke I currently†¦show more content†¦While I am learning an abundance of valuable information at Clarke, my background knowledge derived from my undergraduate studies. I double majored in Speech Pathology and Psychology at Brooklyn College because I believe they com pliment each other well when it comes to the studies of speech. Different aspects of Psychology including cognitive science, neuroscience, and biology are essential in understanding speech disorders, language processing, production, acquisition, and comprehension. In my second year at Brooklyn College, I observed children at a nearby elementary school for 50 hours. During this time I observed how children at the kindergarten level interacted with each other. I shadowed the teacher in order to learn different teaching strategies that will be beneficial and applicable as a Speech Therapist. The opportunity to observe the work overview of a Speech Pathologist, has tremendously solidified my interest in this field. At the Diana Rogovin Speech Center at Brooklyn College, I observed clients of various ages with different speech language disorders including articulation, language, voice, fluency and accent modification. Observing clinicians at the speech center gave me the opportunity to learn how important client-clinician interaction is for the session and how essential it is to build a good relationship with the client. Although I learned theShow MoreRelatedPsycology Reflective Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesInitially, I came into your class ecstatic because I knew the journey I would embark would be an exciting one; however, I encountered challenges throughout the course although learning new psychological methods is enthusing to me. I learned about the origin of psychology and the evolution of modern psychology. In further detail, I will discuss how the learning goals of this course have influenced my career and personal life. When I began college, I was undecided about what to study. Initially, I enrolledRead MoreFor Hearing People Only1599 Words   |  7 Pagesthink of speech reading or lip reading? What are your thoughts on this topic? Do all deaf people know how?I think that speech or lip reading is something that should never be expected out of anyone, deaf or hearing. I do not think that a person’s mouth can be understood without sound coming out of it. There are too many different ways of saying things; lip shapes are different; lip movements are different; people enunciate words differently therefore causing different facial movements. I would personallyRead MoreEssay On The Monster Study Experiment1254 Words   |  6 Pagesand stuttering, was created by Wendell Johnson, a speech pathologist at the University of Iowa, and Mary Tudor, a graduate student, in 1939. The study caused lasting negative effects on the children who were a part of the experimental groups. 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Tito’s lack of speech forced him to communicate through writing, without which we could not begin to understand his thoughts. A study done by Isabelle Rapin and Michelle Dunn (as cited in Hinzen, 2015, p. 1) stated that â€Å"Children with autism might construe language differently, reflecting a linguistic style different fromRead MoreThe Importance Of Occupational Therapy1590 Words   |  7 PagesWhen I thought of occupational therapy, before doing research, I thought of specialized equipment such as a modified spoon to help a person who had suffered a stroke can feed themselves once again. Thi s happens to be only one of many skills that occupational therapists employ to assist patients. They also work closely with other medical professionals to give the best care possible to their patients. Throughout this paper I will discuss more in depth what occupational therapists do and why thisRead MoreBook Review : After This By Marcus Engel1187 Words   |  5 PagesThis†¦ by Marcus Engel Suddenly losing his eyesight at a young age and having to deal with living in a whole new world, Marcus Engel tells his story of how he coped with losing his eyesight. Marcus Engel described his hardships and struggles after he became blind in his book, After This†¦An Inspirational Journey for All the Wrong Reasons. The book begins with Engel mentioning his college life and how he was excited to be going back home for vacation. 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In order for me to resolve my issue I need to explore whether my issue lies with the professionals and the process of evaluation, or with me not wanting to accept that my child is disabled.My six and a half year old daughter, Malia, began to show signs of delayed development at age eighteen months. Her speech started to regress and there were also behavioral signs that were significant enough for me to ask our doctor for advice. When was not concerned to the point that I was

Sapakin Kita Diyan Free Essays

Table of Contents Title Pagei Table of Contentsii Brief History/Background of the Company/Company Profile1 Summary of the OJT Experience5 Assessment of the OJT/Practicum Program9 New knowledge, attitudes, and skills acquired12 Theories actually seen in practice17 Feedback that can be given to the company/hotel/restaurant20 Benefits gained Problems encountered23 Appendices A. Company brochure and/or pamphlet25 B. Copy of the Endorsement Letter26 C. We will write a custom essay sample on Sapakin Kita Diyan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Copy of the Training Plan27 D. Copy of the signed Waiver Form28 E. Daily Time Record29 F. Quarterly Performance Appraisal Forms30 G. Certificate of Completion31 Brief History/Background of the Company/Company Profile Link Network Solutions Inc. is a formed corporation engage in all computer related consumables and parts. We aspire to give exceptional service by providing your needs in Printer Consumables; Toner, Ink Cartridges, Ribbons of all brands OKI, HP, CANON, SAMSUNG, EPSON, BROTHER, LEXMARK, FUJI XERORX. We also offer Office Equipment’s: Printer, laminator, shredder, Fax machine, Copier, Computer and accessories among office and computer supplies. We guaranty that we can give you fulfilling commitment in our business with you, improve business practices, and ensure, reliable, secure our product to be delivered just on time. Above all, we value our client’s partnerships by guaranteeing complete customer satisfaction, and we will always provide our partners with the highest level of service and professionalism Summary of the OJT/Experience Assessment of the OJT/Practicum Program New knowledge, attitudes and skills acquired There are many knowledge, attitudes and skills acquired being an on the job training in Link Network Solutions Inc. I know how to setup and install high end printers. I know how to troubleshoot a printer. On attitude I must go to office early don’t be late. If you want to be absent tell the manager or any high staff so they know it early. Be honest and trustworthy. Being a trainee is not only a subject to be passed or a requirement to be complete but on the job training is an opportunity to show what skills, talents and techniques that the student learned from the school and also opportunity to experience life outside the campus; serving companies like a professional on the field of students specialization. Theories actually seen in practice Feedback that can be given to the company/hotel/restaurant I. Introduction I decided to have my on the job training at Link Network Solution Inc. at 5700 Pagulayan St. Poblacion, Makati City. It’s a little bit far from Cubao but I have no choice because I really have a hard time searching for a company where I can have my on the job training with. Good thing my classmate has a connections on one of the head of that company and luckily, me together with my two other classmate happened to start out our on the job training there. The Link Network Solution Inc. is the fourth company that we had applied. We first submitted our resume to POEA, SSS East Ave and PLDT Mandaluyong, but none of those companies had entertained our application maybe because they already have their chosen applicant or it may either be because we applied late. I started my on the job training on Jan 2013. It is from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm from Monday to Friday. II. PERSONAL ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING FROM THE COMPANY A. Cognitive or Intellectual Learning  I’ve learned a lot from the job given to me. I know how to setup a printer, troubleshoot, and deliver an item to a customer. I learned the daily routine inside the office. I also earned how to make a receipt when we deliver some items for our customer. Sometimes I voluntarily deliver when no one is available to do it. I learned every supply or item that we delivered it always have a receipt. I know how to go in different places riding jeeps and other transportation. B. Affective or Emotional Learning  I  learned how to love my job and all the staffs. I l earned to appreciate the work given to me. I was so dedicated that I do all my best to give correct service but sometimes there were errors. I also experience that the manager get a little bit mad at us when we are absent. For the staffs, they were so kind and friendly and I never experience â€Å"out-of-place† there. They treated us like a family. I remembered what the manager said to us, â€Å"If we are in work, we work. If we are on outside, we’re friends. †Ã‚  Ã‚  I always put that in mind and  I became closer to my manager, supervisors and staffs. C. Psychomotor or Physical Learning  I noticed a lot of improvement on me. I became flexible. I also noticed that I became faster in moving. III. RECOMMENDATIONS a. For myself – I must recommend to me that I must omit my tardiness because coming early is really important in the job. I must be ready for all the work that they will give to me because I accept being an on the job applicant from their company. b. For OJT Company  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ I recommend that they place OJT students nearer on the branch where they live, in order to avoid hassle in travelling. Also in scheduling of time. They must give students earlier schedules in order to go home early especially for those who travel from far places. c. For OJT Program  I recommend that they must put OJT programs at the earlier years in order to expose students at an early time and to learn the concepts and hands-on training in our industry. They should treat each on the job applicant equally. IV. AREAS TO IMPROVE A. About Self  I think I must improve my time management. Sometimes I came late especially on Friday because I must report in school B. For the OJT Company  I think they must improve the scheduling of time of their OJT students in order to go home early especially for those who travel from far places. C. For the OJT Program  I think they must improve the OJT program because I felt that we were late on having OJT. We have co-OJT students in other schools and they were only 2nd  year and yet they were having an OJT. Benefits gained Problems encountered We are an On the Job Training in a company that focuses on printers so these are the problems that I encountered during our time there. A. Paper Jam If a Kyocera printer has been properly maintained, most paper jam problems are directly related to the paper that is being used. Although this is never the answer anyone wants to hear, it is the most overlooked component and the simplest to remedy. If persistent jamming is the problem, the first test would be to remove all of the paper in the printer and replace it with paper from a new ream, or of a different manufacturer. Check the label on the new package of paper to verify the paper meets Kyocera’s specifications. Grain structure is very important. Short grain paper will cause frequent jams. Always use long grain paper. Most paper is manufactured to have a top side and a bottom side. This has something to do with grain structure and the natural curl of paper. Try flipping the supply of paper over. This will test the â€Å"curl† in case the paper was put into the printer upside-down. If all of these methods do not alleviate the problem, the problem is probably mechanical. Refer to the remaining questions on paper jamming. First check the paper and shuffle it properly. Second if the paper is stock inside the printer. Easily open the printer tray and remove the specific paper that is jammed. B. Blurred Letters Check if there still a toner, remove the drum and shake it and you will know if it’s empty or not. Check also at the report from the printer and print the status page. C. Poor print quality Check the drum if it’s dirty or there’s something in there. If the drum is dirty clean it. Check also the printers’ charger; if it’s dirty clean it. D. There’s a line on the text Check first the drum of the printer; it its dirty clean it. Check the Fuser Kit if it does have a scratch or have a defect you must change it. E. Empty Toner The toner is empty. The toner needs to be change. F. Invalid Cartridge The programmed chipset is done. G. Routine Maintenance The Charger in the printer needs to be change. The benefits that I gained from our company. We gained so many benefits as an on the job training in Link Network Solutions Inc. We know how to setup and troubleshoot a high-end printer. A. Company brochure and/or pamphlet How to cite Sapakin Kita Diyan, Essay examples

A Theory of Cross-Cultural Communication free essay sample

A Theory of Cross-Cultural Communication  © Anthony Pym 2003 Intercultural Studies Group Universitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona, Spain* Pre-print version 3. 3 The following is a series of propositions designed to connect a few ideas about translation as a mode of cross-cultural communication. The ideas are drawn from a multiplicity of existing theories; the aim is not particularly to be original. The propositions are instead intended to link up three endeavors: an abstract conception of cross-cultural communication, a description of the specificities of translation, and an attempt to envisage the future of such communication in a globalizing age. The various points at which the propositions draw on or diverge from previous theories are indicated in a series of notes. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. On cross-cultural communication in general Cross-cultural communication involves the perceived crossing of a point of contact between cultures. Cultures here are minimally seen as large-scale systems of assumed shared references, linguistic or otherwise1, used for the purposes of reducing complexity. Effort here is understood as being on both the sending and receiving sides of messages, as well as in any mediating position or investment in the channel. A text sent and received near a perceived center will thus require less investment of effort than the same text sent from a center to a periphery (assuming that the reduction of complexity is 1. 3. 1. 4. 1. 5. to be to a similar degree in both cases). And further supplementary effort will be needed if the text is to be received in another culture. (Pym 1995) 1. 6. The lines between cultures are marked as cross-over points where the communication act receives supplementary effort of a mediating and discontinuous nature. Such points are usually where translations are carried out. (Pym 2001a) Cross-cultural communication thus marks the points of contact between cultures, although it alone will not join up the points to form any kind of line. (Pym 1998, 2001a, cf. Chatwin 1987) On complexity and its reduction Texts are inscribed objects that can be interpreted in different ways and for different functions, quite independently of any original intentions. The plurality of possible interpretations is what we are calling complexity. The reduction of complexity does not imply any discerning of a true or primal meaning. For example, a reader at this point might interpret the term â€Å"reduction of complexity† as â€Å"understanding†, but such a reading will hopefully be deviated by the following paragraphs. In this sense, the reduction of complexity does not entail an act of understanding in any idealist sense. Nor must effort be expended only to reduce complexity. Effort can also be used to make texts more complex, preparing them for a greater plurality of interpretations. Such might be a certain conception of aesthetic pleasure, diplomatic ambiguity, or communicative mechancete. The degree of appropriate complexity is in each case dependent on the success conditions of the communicative act concerned. On success conditions Success conditions are criteria that make the communicative act beneficial for all or some of the participants concerned. 4 Such criteria may be simple, as in the case of a business negotiation to reach mutual agreement on a sales price: the success condition might be that a price is agreed to by all participants.

Y2k Bug Essays - Calendars, Software Bugs, COBOL, Hazards

Y2k Bug David Eggleston Review of Literature 2/24/99 Teri Ferguson Y2K Bug The turn of the century is rapidly approaching. This should be a time of high hopes for the future; the United States has advanced in all sorts of technology. The United States has advanced a great deal with computers, which are able to automate many difficult jobs, calculate extravagant equations, and make life easier for most people. The computer is an amazing tool allowing the United States to excel in the world. But, computers can also be the loadstone of the United States in the year 2000. The computer bug commonly known as Y2K can cause this. Y2K will cause a computer's date registry to read ?00? in which the computer will interpret ?1900?. Many people have their own opinions about how this will effect the United States and to what degree it will be effected, if the United States will be effected at all. A writer for Time Magazine states that there are wide ranges of people that are being effected in different ways by the Y2K problem. The author describes how many people are preparing for the worst and that some of those people believe that the Biblical Armageddon will arrive in the year 2000. It was stated that the Y2K problem is just another thing to keep people entertained. This was described by how the movie industry moved from spy movies such as ?James Bond? at the end of the cold war to more sci-fi movies such as ?Godzilla? because there was no real world problem. The purpose of this article is to simply point out that there is an actual problem with the Y2K phenomenon in order to make people aware that there are dangers even if it is just in the form of doomsayers. These points of the author are strong enough and realistic enough to make the problem known to the people but does not display any idea one way or the other. A marketing organization known as Arial Marketing posted a contingency plan on the internet that gives a view that there is going to be a strong enough problem with Y2K that one must prepare for it. This argument is supported by a few quotes from officials and high-ranking people in their respective fields. Arial Marketing made this posting slanting toward the fact that there will definitely be a problem with Y2K. Arial Marketing has even posted bad and a worst case preparation table. The purpose of this site is to tell people that their will be a Y2K problem and that in order to help people prepare for a situation Eggleston 2 two. This opinion is a strong one that is well presented and cautious with the quotes from many people backing it up. In ?The Year 2000 Problem: The Year the Earth Stands Still? Written by a one Gary North, Gary North clearly argues his own opinion about the Y2K problem. He really does not support his case by any facts other than his strong determination to make sure that everyone knows his point of view. The point of view that he tends to support is one of terrible visions of the absolute worst case scenario of the Y2K problem. He does not have any other kind of opinion of anything less and is quite sure of the idea that the world will crash because of the Y2K problem. The purpose of this article is to display Gary North's opinion of the Y2K problem in order to get people to prepare for the worst. The argument that Gary North has presented is a weak one for he has only state opinionated facts and has not supported this argument with any hard evidence. In just under a year the year 2000 will arrive with many hopes but it will also arrive with a Y2K bug. This bug will definitely effect some things, and maybe effect major things. The only thing that the people can do is simply prepare for the worst and hope for the best. Many organizations and even the government of the United States are working and hacking at this problem. Many organizations are making headway and will be ready to great the new millennium; others will most

Family conflict Essays

Family conflict Essays Family conflict Paper Family conflict Paper I never thought my younger brother Tom would get involved in drugs. He is only fourteen and he is mixing with the wrong crowd. My name is Phil and I have never done anything remotely like that I wouldnt dream of it I am seventeen and Id like to think Im mature enough to never do anything even half as stupid as drugs. Ive told him several times that hes wasting his life. The thing that really gets to me the most is that most weekends he staggers in drugged up to the eyeballs in the early hours of the morning. He says its depression and that I dont understand but one thing I do understand is a fourteen year old boy should not be on a drugs rehabilitation course and sleeping in gutters before hes even eligible to leave school. His friends are partly to blame. They see that hes an easy target and easily lead and they just use it, to provide them with entertainment and get him to do stupid things that they are to cowardly to do which to be honest is not what I call friends. My dad has got to the point where he is thinking of leaving the family. : Hes suggested sending Tom away to a military school but my mum thought it was preposterous and that idea was scrapped. It will be Monday tomorrow start of the week hopefully a fresh start for Tom, but we all doubt it. My parents are downstairs waiting and hoping that Tom will be back in time to go to bed. She is so distraught at the moment she says that if he isnt then hes going to be locked out of the house. She says this most nights but we all know that shes just saying this in hope that it will shake him up a bit and possibly make him listen for once. I woke in the morning I heard my parents shouting in the next room I heard my parents say that tom didnt come back last night this wouldnt be the first time this has happened. Last time this happened my dad was driving round all night searching for him. He found him sleeping outside the corner shop like a tramp. He didnt tell my mum this as it wouldve upset her to find out that her son would rather sleep on the streets than sleep under his own roof. My parents were still at it, it was getting louder and louder and I heard a door slam. I think that was my dad, this is usually the way they finish their arguments. I was starting to get a bit concerned about where Tom had got up to this time so I threw on my clothes and rushed in to the next room to ask my mum what exactly was going on here. I was horrified to find my mum huddled up in the corner of the room. I asked her where dad had gone to which she replied with hes gone and hes not coming back. I swung the door out of my way and ran towards the car in a desperate attempt to save my family although it probably wasnt worth saving. I smashed the door of the hinges and ran outside hoping that Id fall over and knock my head and wake up as this being a very bad dream but reality is never that nice. I was looking for Tom hoping that if I found him I could make him stop dragging his life down and ours down with it, I had a pretty good idea of where to look. I never thought this would happen but I was actually pleased to see my brother. I peered through a window and I saw him lying on someones sofa. I turned to face the door and before I had to knock a boy of roughly the same age as Tom answered he blurted out with what do you want I didnt even bother to answer him. I just pushed past him and rushed towards the room where tom was lying. I firmly grasped his collar and hoisted him into the air causing him no choice but to speak to me. He pleaded for me to put him down but I told him that what I was doing to him now wouldnt come close to what my mum is going to. I clutched on to his jacket to make sure he didnt run off and as soon as we got home I threw him inside and shut the door. He looked up and saw mum still huddled in the corner. He lowered his head as if to say Im sorry I didnt know it had come to this. I told mum to tell him what hed caused but she was too hurt. She couldnt even look him in the eye I told him straight that dad had left. It made me sick to say those words and what made it a whole lot worse was he actually didnt look bothered by it all. I said to him you may not be bothered but mum and I are. Mum screamed for him to get out and she also said that she hated him and didnt want to see him again. Tom was actually affected by what mum had said and it caused him to storm off upstairs I heard the slam of his door and to be honest I wasnt looking forward to the sound of it opening again. I staggered off upstairs and sat on my bed. I was in despair I rested my head in my lap and closed my eyes hoping it would all go away. I could still hear crying coming from downstairs I wanted to go and check if she was alright but I couldnt bring myself to prise my head from my lap and go downstairs. As far as I was concerned, my life was over.

Deck the Halls

Deck the Halls Deck the Halls Deck the Halls By Maeve Maddox Many of the traditional Christmas songs in English contain words or references that have changed in meaning or fallen out of common use. The familiar Deck the Halls with Boughs of Holly (words from 1881), has several words that may stump native and non-native speakers alike. Deck in the title is a verb meaning adorn. It entered the language in about 1570; from Middle Dutch dekken to cover. Don we now our gay apparel The verb don, meaning put on, is a 14th century contraction of do on. Ex. Do on your shoes. The word doff, take off is a contraction of do off. Doff your hat in the house. Gay entered the language in the 12th century with the meaning full of joy or mirth. According the the Online Etymology Dictionary, The word gay in the 1890s had an overall tinge of promiscuity a gay house was a brothel. The suggestion of immorality in the word can be traced back to 1637. The Dictionary of American Slang reports that gay (adj.) was used by homosexuals, among themselves, in this sense since at least 1920. Gay as a noun meaning a (usually male) homosexual is attested from 1971. Troll the ancient Yuletide carols troll (v) to sing in a full, rolling voice; c. 1575. The word derives for a hunting term meaning to look for game in a wandering fashion. Yuletide is used now as a synonym for the Christmas season in general. In a more narrow sense it can refer to the 12 days of Christmas, usually counted from Christmas on December 25 to the arrival of the Three Kings on January 6 (Epiphany). Before the arrival of Christianity, Germanic pagans, including the ancestors of English Christians, celebrated the Winter Solstice as Yule. The Yule log represented the renewal of the sun. The suffix tide in Yuletide is from O.E. tid,point or portion of time, due time, The tide that ebbs and flows is from the same word. When the word carol entered English about 1300, it referred to a dance. The meaning of carol as Christmas hymn dates from 1502. Could be there was singing along with the dancing and the dancing part dropped out. You can read some curious facts about four traditional carols here. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. Further"Latter," not "Ladder"Is "Number" Singular or Plural?

AOL Inc. Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

AOL Inc. Company - Assignment Example The covenants dictate how the company incurs debt, creates lien pay dividend or even enters into mergers and acquisitions. Any breach of any of the covenants would lead to a default which may cause the lenders to terminate their commitments under the credit facility (AOL Inc., 2015). That would be financially detrimental to the firm. The firm may also not be in a position to settle any conversion of Notes in cash or even repay them at maturity. The use of convertible note hedge transactions and warrant transactions may influence the prices of stock. That would adversely affect the value of stock the shareholders hold in the company. According to company records, there were about 14,668 holders of common stock as of February 24, 2015 (AOL Inc., 2015). However, brokers and other institutions held the shares on behalf of the stockholders. The company does not declare dividends every year as that would influence to a great extent the amount of common stock it may issue. The last time it declared special dividend was on August 26, 2012, which was $5.15 per share (AOL Inc., 2015). The company has no anticipation of the declaration of dividend in the near future. The company’s stock prices have fluctuated over the last two years indicating that the trend may persist into the future. However, a graph comparing the performance of AOL Inc.’s common stock with the Morgan Stanley High-Technology index and the S & P Midcap 400 Index show a gradual improvement in AOL Inc.’s returns. Over the five year period, AOL Inc.’s returns record a rise.

Forensics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Forensics - Essay Example From a humble beginning during the 19th Century without much data support to prove its credibility and usefulness, it has now evolved as an empirical and objective science on its own merits and rights. Over the years, it was discovered, perhaps by accident, way back in 1868, by a Swiss biologist called Friedrich Meischer when he was differentiating nucleus properties in pus cells. Since then, DNA profiling has come a long way and has been used to provide due judicial process of justice in many criminal and non criminal cases. Alec Jeffreys and colleagues researching DNA fingerprinting at the University of Leicester arrived at certain startling facts (at that period of history) regarding the fact that â€Å"individual differences in based on repeat sequences in DNA.† Do occur that could help in criminal investigation. (Johnson & Williams, 2006). Further it was also seen that â€Å"The possibility of deriving DNA from the ‘abandoned property’ of criminal suspects left at crime scene generated huge interest amongst police investigators.† and could even assist result in cracking major criminal cases, where the perpetrators could remain at large due to lack of incriminating evidence against them. (Johnson & Williams, 2006, para.18). Since then, there have been many improvements in determining the speed, efficacy and conclusiveness of DNA profiling and its impact upon society as a composite and complete science. Over time dedicated DNA Scientific Research Centers have also been operationalised to aid and abet solving of social and criminal issues through the deployment of DNA profiling. These efforts have also met with a reasonable degree of success such that DNA fingerprinting has now come to represent a major scientific and anti-criminal breakthrough in recent times. DNA tests have also proved conclusive evidence in absolving innocent suspects who were languishing in jail accused on

Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

Race and Ethnicity Essay Please show how Segregation shaped the lives of African Americans during the time frame 1870-1920. Please examine all faucet of society under slavery to support your argument. In the year of 1870, it was the re invention of slavery. America could not be built without economic. The south was still a negative place and they failed to accept blacks. After decades of discrimination, the voting rights act of 1965 aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that denied blacks to vote under the 15th amendment. The 15th amendment in 1870 gave African Americans the right to vote. The constitutional amendment passed after the civil war that it guaranteed blacks the right to vote. It affected not only freed slaves in the south but the blacks that were living in the north who was not allowed to vote(3). The amendment was favored by the Republican Party; since the votes of the slaves helped the party dominates national politics in the years after the war. During the same year, Hiram Rhodes Revels, who was a republican from Mississippi, became the first African American to sit in the United States congress when he was elected to the United States Senate. Millions of black men served in congress during reconstruction but more than 600 served in the states legislatures and many more held local offices(3). The Jim Crow laws were the era of struggle. The state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. In 1890, there was a â€Å"separate but equal† status for African Americans. Jim Crow laws followed the Black codes which restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans with no equality. During the reconstruction period, the federal law provided civil rights protection in the United States for the African Americans who had formally been slaves(1). In 1890, Louisiana required by law that blacks ride in separate railroad cars. The state of Louisiana passed a law that required separate accommodations for black and whites on railroads, including separate railway cars. Plessy attempted to sit in an all-white railroad car. After refusing to sit in the black railway carriage car, Plessy was arrested for violating in1890. Louisiana statute that provided for segregated â€Å"separate but equal† railroad accommodations. Those using facilities not designated for their race were criminally liable under the statute(4). Plessy was found guilty on the grounds that the law was a reasonable exercise of the state’s police powers based upon custom, usage, and tradition in the state. Plessy filed a petition in the Supreme Court of Louisiana against Ferguson, asserting that segregation stigmatized blacks and stamped them with a badge of inferiority in violation of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth amendments(4). The case of Plessy vs. Ferguson was one of a combination of rulings passed by the U. S and the state Supreme Courts after reconstruction. Many of these decisions allowed and required Jim Crow segregation laws in southern states. At the highest level, the case was decided on May 18th in 1896, in favor of Ferguson and the state of Louisiana. The Supreme Court had given southern states all the permission they needed to let any remaining equality between the races fade away and be replaced by the Jim Crow laws standing(5). By the 1870s, many southern whites had resorted to intimidation and violence to keep blacks from voting and restore white supremacy in the region. Beginning in 1873, a series of Supreme Court decisions limited the scope of Reconstruction-era laws and federal support for the Reconstruction Amendments, particularly the 14th and 15th, which gave African Americans the status of citizenship and protection. The Compromise of 1877 occurred after the Presidential Election of 1876, when Congress formed the Electoral Commission to resolve disputed Democratic Electoral votes from the South. The republicans agreed to enact Federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the south. They agreed to withdraw federal soldiers from their remaining positions in the south(5). They did this to appoint democrats to positions in the south and to appoint a democrat to the president’s cabinet. The Compromise of 1877 effectively ended the Reconstruction era. The Southern Democrats promised to protect but the political rights of blacks were not kept. The end of federal interference in southern affairs led to widespread disenfranchisement of blacks voters(4). From the late 1870s, southern legislatures passed a series of laws requiring the separation of whites from persons of color on public transportation, in schools, parks, restaurants, theaters and other locations. These segregationist statutes governed life in the South through the middle of the next century, ending after the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960’s. The migration was a watershed in the history of African Americans. It lessened their overwhelming concentration in the South, opened up industrial jobs to people who had up to then been mostly farmers, and gave the first significant impetus to their urbanization. The black migration began in the 1890s as African Americans left for cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Philadelphia, and New York(8). The single largest movement of African Americans occurred during World War I, when people moved from rural areas and small towns in the South to cities in the North and the East. Even in the North, blacks encountered violence at the hands of whites, who resented competition for jobs and black economic success. Segregation and discrimination in housing, education, and jobs was pervasive in the North as well. From 1916, more than six million blacks left the South for other regions of the United States. Over the next fifteen years, more than one tenth of the countrys black population would voluntarily move north. The Great Migration lasted until 1930. This was the first step in the full nationalization of the African American population(2). The Klu Klux Klan is the oldest organization. During this time 1920’s, there were still 85 percent of African Americans in the south. The Klan was created in 1871 by the Democratic Party to prevent African Americans from voting the 15th Amendment. The Klan also became Americans 1st terrorist group and became an institutional part of American life and political colt. African Americans were intimidated and had fear towards the KKK. They hated blacks, republicans, Jews, etc(6). In the 1920s, many blacks had been brought to the south against their own will after the success of the northern states during the Civil War. Also, after the freeing of the blacks from slavery in 1865, a group was established which was designed to spread fear throughout the black population that still lived in the southern states. Most of the hatred was directed against the poor black families in the south who were very vulnerable to attack(6). The white hooded KKK burnt churches of the black population, murdered, raped, castrated etc. They were rarely caught as most senior law officers in the South were high ranking KKK men. White people who were in contact with any blacks had a reason to fear the KKK because they would be after them as well for being what they called â€Å"nigga lovers†(6). The Black Americans tried to fight back using non-violent methods. The NAACP asked Washington for new laws to help combat the KKK violence but received very little help. In the 1920’s Black Americans started to turn to the â€Å"Back to Africa† movement which told blacks that they should return to their native America. This was started by Marcus Garvey but the whole movement faltered when he was arrested for fraud and sent to prison. If African Americans were to move back to Africa, they would be giving the â€Å"white America† exactly what they asked for(6). African Americans drew to church. Going to church brought everyone closer to God despite everything that was going on in the 1920’s. In 1865, blacks started to create independent black churches. The African Methodist Episcopal and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion churches claimed southern membership in the hundreds of thousands, far outstripping that of any other organizations. They were quickly joined in 1870 by a new southern-based denomination, the Colored (Christian) Methodist Episcopal Church. The church was founded by indigenous southern black leaders. Finally, in 1894 black Baptists formed the National Baptist Convention which was an organization that is the largest black religious organization still today in the United States(8). The blossoming of the Harlem Renaissance was during 1918 through 1937. Harlem is located just north of Central Park. Harlem formally was a white residential district but by the early 1920’s, it was the becoming of a virtually black city. Harlem was a catalyst for artistic experimentation and a nightly popular nightlife destination. This was also an economic opportunity in New York(8). The Harlem Renaissance was a phase of a larger new Negro movement that emerged in the early 20th century. The movement raised issues affecting the lives of African Americans through various forms of literature, art, and drama. Its influence spread throughout the nation and beyond that included writers and philosophers. Between the 1920’s and 1930’s, about 750,000 African Americans left the south and migrated to the north to take advantage of this movement. The Harlem Renaissance appealed to a mixture audience. The literature appealed to the African American middle class and to whites. Many critics point out that the Harlem Renaissance could not escape its history and culture. Its attempt to create a new one separates from the foundational elements of White, European culture. Social foundations of this movement included the great migration of African Americans from rural to urban areas(8). The Harlem Renaissance was exposure to the African American Art and culture. It is also unusual among literary and artistic movements for its close relationship to civil rights. The Harlem renaissance set the stage for the civil rights movement of the 1950’s and the 60’s. This was very much black culture exposure. The African American artists intended to express themselves freely, no matter what the black public or white public thought. Since the 1980s, New Orleans has been the area for a new school of jazz players, among them trumpeter Wynton Marsalis and his brothers, saxophonist Branford Marsalis and trombonist Delfeayo Marsalis. New Orleans has brought widespread attention to jazz and a new appreciation of the city and its jazz tradition(7). In the 1890’s it was the beginning of the Mississippi Delta Blues. The blues is the generation of American Music. By the 1900’s New Orleans Jazz was introduced. Jazz was first originally accepted in France before anywhere else. Jazz was played by whites and blacks. Both races played jazz together. Jazz was for the middle class African American people(7). In conclusion, during the years of 1870 and 1920, African Americans still encountered a lot of continued discrimination against blacks in American and the separation of race. Through the Jim Crow laws and the segregation, Blacks kept it together through religion, and even music. When looking back at our history, African Americans had a great deal to do with the shaping of America today. Bibliography 1) Jim Crow Law (United States [1877-1954]). Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n. d. Web. 09 May 2013. 2) Primary Documents in American History. 15th Amendment to the Constitution: Primary Documents of American History (Virtual Programs Services, Library of Congress). N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 May 2013. 3) Fifteenth Amendment. History. com. AE Television Networks, n. d. Web. 09 May 2013. 4) Compromise of 1877. History. com. AE Television Networks, n. d. Web. 09 May 2013. 5) Compromise of 1877. Information about The. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 May 2013. 6) The KKK and Racial Problems. The KKK and Racial Problems. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 May 2013. 7) A History of Jazz Music. A History of Jazz Music. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 May 2013. 8) Notes.

Racism is Unacceptable Essay examples -- Racial Prejudice Discriminati

Racism is Unacceptable From the beginning of recorded history, possibly before then, humans have found a necessity for classifying and categorizing every aspect of life. This need for order has been used to efficiently organize and clarify the endless details on Earth. This arrangement of objects in groups has also created a very sinister and volatile mindset that some people live by. This associative manner of classification has lead to the formation of beliefs in race identities, stereotypes, and superiority in the form of racism. Racism is contempt for people who have physical characteristics different from your own (Nanda and Warms 1). This concept is often combined with what is called racialism. Racialism is an ideology based on the following suppositions: There are biologically fixed races; different races have different moral, intellectual, and physical characteristics (Nanda and Warms 1). This is the ideal that many people engage in consciously and the way some people think without even realizing i t. The only way to overcome this derogatory belief system is to define the meanings and misunderstandings of racial differences. Race is the term for classifications of people based on opinions about physical characteristics and differences between groups of individuals. The problem with this is that these differences do not really provide distinctions between ancestral lineages. In fact, these subtle differences between so called races, like broadened noses, physical structure, and skin color, are the results of environmental circumstances encountered by early nomadic human groups as they moved and settled in new territories. These traits are the products of many thousands of years of genetic hit or miss. Some of these... ... not curious about the skin colors, hair textures, bodily structures, and facial features associated with racial background (Rensberger 57). As a result of this, we can only hope that by not tolerating this type of thinking in our children and not being part of it with our associates we can help make racism an unpopular and unacceptable way of life. Works Cited 1. Keita, S. O. Y. and Kittles, Rick A. â€Å"The Persistence of Racial Thinking and the Myth of Racial Divergence.† American Anthropologist. 99 (September 1997): 534- 542. 2. Nanda, Serena and Warms, Richard L. Cultural Anthropology. Belmont, CA: West/ Wadsworth, 1998. 3. Rensberger, Boyce. â€Å"Racial Odyssey.† Science Digest. (January/ February 1981) Reprint. 57- 63. 4. Wachtel, Paul L. Race in the Mind of America: Breaking the Vicious Circle between Blacks and Whites. New York: Routledge, 1999.

Impact of Organizational Climate on Turnover Intention

However, since many decades various frameworks of organizational climate has been developed both conceptual as well as operational under different sets of situations and their research findings are highly diverse and often contradictory in nature. Retaining valuable employees is one of the ost crucial issue for todays competitive organizations as employees are considered as the most valuable asset and precious resource, which helps 27 Impact of Organizational Climate on Turnover Intention: An Empirical Analysis on Faculty Members of Technical Education of India to sustain in the dynamic environment.It is usually in the organizations best interest to put its energy and time in retaining the quality employees that they already have instead of recruiting the new ones. However, increasing employee turnover has been a fashion now a days and the issue of employee turnover is the major reason for erformance inefficiency in many organizations in India. Indian organizations are being forced t o undergo considerable transformation in their working system in order to sustain in todays competitive and dynamic environment.In this context, it would be important to explore the factors that have the most positive impact on the performance of the organization. Organizational performance largely depends on the presence of satisfied and committed employees. Among various factors, attitudes and feelings of the individuals regarding their Jobs have been found to be significantly affecting their behaviors. Herzberg, Mausner, Peterson and Capwell, 1957; laffaldano and Muchinsky, 1985; Locke, 1970; Schwab and Cummings, 1970; Petty, McGee and Cavender, 1984).Therefore, positive attitude towards Job can be generated by a healthy organizational climate resulting to a positive behavior towards turnover intention. This empirical study aims to identify various antecedents of organizational climate and also to investigate their impact on turnover intention of faculty members of technical educ ational institutes of India. Five antecedents of organizational climate (Orientation, Supervision, Communication, Decision Making, and RewardManagement) identified as independent variables with the help of through literature review of previous research in the associated field and broad discussion with faculty members. This study will shed some light for technical educational institutes that encounter high turnover rates of faculty members resulting from unfavorable organizational climate. Knowing more about faculty member's intent to leave with relation to organizational climate is important to develop general guidelines to improve the relevant organizational climate factors that are found to be laking in the organizations.Organizational Climate Organizational climate is a concept of employees' attitude and feelings towards their organization which has great impact towards their working ways and contributions; in consequence organizational climate causes organization performance bec ause this relates directly to employees' satisfaction and commitment towards organization. Organisational climate forms part of the broader climate concept, which includes aspects of the social environment that are consciously perceived by the organisational members (Patterson et al. , 2004).

Persuasive Essay- Ipads in Kindergarten Essay

In 2011, ten years after Maine began issuing laptops to all seventh graders, the Auburn School System launched an initiative to provide an iPad 2 for each of its students entering kindergarten. At a cost of roughly $200,000- representing a 5% increase in the school budget (Opinions Divided†¦) some taxpayers were less than pleased- calling it a complete waste of money. But in Auburn- and schools around the country- trends are emerging and showing the iPad to be a powerful learning tool and a necessary investment in our children’s future. For over a decade, Maine has been at the forefront of integrating technology into public schools and there is no reason to stop now. Despite the high cost to institute this program, Auburn should continue to provide iPads to students entering kindergarten. Auburn is not alone in providing iPads to kindergarteners. In fact, kindergarten students in Maine, Tennessee, and South Carolina have received iPads to supplement their teacher’s instruction. While the iPad cannot replace the human interaction of a teacher, it is a great addition to the classroom, at a time when the teacher to student ratio keeps getting larger and larger. Laura Shaw, principal of Sherwood Heights School recently said, â€Å"When you have eighteen kids in the classroom and you see ten kids, hands raised up, the teacher does her best to get around. But sometimes with the iPads and certain apps the kids get immediate feedback. They know what they’ve done is correct and they can move on, or they know ‘Oh, I need to ask for help,’† (Porter). For example, a child can play â€Å"Feed the Hippos Hot Peppers. † In this app the child counts aloud while feeding the hippo. The teacher can adjust the app difficulty to â€Å"count† or â€Å"add† peppers, depending on the child’s capabilities. When the child answers the problem correctly, the iPad responds with a round of applause; an immediate cue to the child that they were correct (Lemeshow). Initially, Auburn Schools split the children into two groups when first issuing the iPads in 2011. Half of the children received iPads during the first week of school, the other half received their iPads in mid-November; effectively creating a control group to gage learning. Although the study lasted just 9 weeks, the results were promising. When tested, students who received their iPads in the first week of school scored higher in 9 out of 10 areas, compared with children who did not. One area in particular really stood out: recognizing sounds and writing letters. Kindergartners with iPads gained 13. 72 points, compared to an 11. 58-point gain for students who did not have iPads. That difference is significant, said Mike Muir, the Multiple Pathways leader for Auburn schools (Auburn Report: iPads). When pupils use iPads, more learning does not seem like a far stretch. With 100’s of learning apps available for download, teachers are able to customize the iPad and tailor the lesson to the individual child’s needs. This way, advanced children can reach their highest potential without becoming bored while the rest of the class catches up. On the other side, if one or two children are struggling, the rest of the class can move on, while the child receives the help she needs. Sherwood Heights Elementary School kindergarten teacher Susan Lemeshow called the iPads â€Å"one of the most powerful teaching tools I’ve ever used. †¦ I can put her on one book, her on a different level book,† she said of two girls in her class. Pupils are doing the same lesson, â€Å"but at the level they need,† she said (Report Say Giving†¦). So what is the problem? Those who oppose the program site the cost- around $800 per student entering kindergarten- as a major issue and wonder if a kindergartener is responsible enough to handle such an expensive piece of equipment. Others worry children may not learn to read and write properly. Auburn hopes the high level of testing done in the beginning of the school year will line them up for educational grants to relieve taxpayers of the burden from having to foot the bill. At the end of the year, the school system will also be able to compare this year’s kindergarten to previous years, with hopes of even better results. Regarding concerns of the students learning to write, it is important for people to understand that children are not using the iPads all day. The use of iPads is balanced. Students are still using crayons, markers, and traditional books. They are still learning how to hold pencils or crayons, and how to write (3 Auburn Teachers†¦). The iPads are a â€Å"center-based† activity with the children using them in 15-minute increments 2 to 3 times per day. Each iPad has a protective case, and students are not allowed to bring them home (Lemeshow). Providing iPads to students as an educational tool is invaluable. With the iPads children have become excited about learning. â€Å"We are seeing high levels of student motivation, engagement and learning in the iPad classrooms,† said Sue Dorris, Principal of East Auburn School (NooNoo). Children born in today’s world grow up bombarded by technology in every aspect of their lives- except school- so an iPad as a learning tool is appealing to them. It really gets their attention and keeps them engaged. The results are more learning and better test scores. With technology always evolving, newer apps, and programs, the possibilities really are endless. Auburn’s plan is to purchase and iPad for each new pupil entering kindergarten. The iPad will stay with the student from kindergarten through 6th grade. With this plan Auburn hopes to have an iPad in the hands of every elementary student in the district by 2017. If every student is equipped with an iPad, the world of digital text books emerges- which could amount to huge savings. In this digital world, it is not really a question of if we can afford this; but more a question of if we can afford not to? Works Cited Lemeshow, Susan. Telephone interview. 27 Apr. 2012. NooNoo, Stephen, ed. â€Å"Kindergarten iPad Initiative Reveals Modest Literacy Gains. † T. H. E. Journal. 1105 Media, Inc. , 2012. Web. 29 Apr. 2012. . Porter, Tim. â€Å"A School System in Maine Gives iPads to Kindergartners. † Voice of America. N. p. , 23 Nov. 2011. Web. 28 Apr. 2012. . Washuk, Bonnie. â€Å"Auburn Report: iPads Help Kindergartners’ Learn. † McClatchy – Tribune Business News (Feb. 2012): n. pag. ProQuest Central K12. Web. 28 Apr. 2012. . – – -. â€Å"Opinions Divided Over iPads for Auburn Kindergartners. † Sun Journal [Lewiston, Maine] 8 Apr. 2011, Lewiston-Auburn ed. : n. pag. Sun Journal. Web. 28 Apr. 2012. . – – -. â€Å"Report Says Giving iPads to Auburn Kindergartners Increases Test Scores. † Bangor Daily News 16 Feb. 2012: n. pag. BangorDailyNews. Com. Web. 28 Apr. 2012. . – – -. â€Å"3 Auburn Teachers Give iPads High Grade. † Sun Journal [Lewiston, Me. ] 20 Oct. 2011.

gender roles Essay

gender roles Essay gender roles Essay Society places different values on being male and female, it’s these values that define us as individuals. Through a cross-cultural comparison I will be exploring the concept gender through a micro level within my family and then throughout the Maasai culture. The aspects of gender differ within concepts such as family life, roles and status, and power and authority. In the Maasai culture there a clearly prescribed social roles and status for the people. The Maasai people have many celebrated rituals that announce the change of the individual from one role to the other. (Donelly, etal, 2008) One of the most distinctive of this celebrations is the becoming of a Moran (warrior) it’s the transition from childhood to adulthood, within this ritual the initiate must under go circumcision and show his bravery by showing no pain during the process to prove he will be able to face the challenges he will be dealt with once becoming a Moran. Only men can become a Moran because it is seen as a mans role in society, and never a woman’s. The Moran’s obtain much honour by protecting their people against attack either groups or animals or any other type of harm to their people. It is the Moran’s role to take on any challenging tasks and their status is acknowledged and praise within the community by being given the best food. (Donelly, etal, 2008) Traditional Maasai family structure is based on polygamous marriage. There is a hierarchy within the family structure, the husband is head of the family and makes the decisions. The wife is responsible for running the household and has little to no say in the major decisions made. Because of the polygamous marriage lifestyle they live the Maasai men can marry as many women as they can afford to support. The Maasai women are also allowed to have different lovers. (Donelly, etal, 2008) Males are seen to have more power and authority over the women, the women understand that she does what her husband or another male tells her to do because if not she is seen as disrespecting him. The Maasai have to under go different rituals before being able to be married. For women this is the circumcision of the clitoris, it usually happens around

Vital Records of Birth, Marriage and Death in France

Vital Records of Birth, Marriage and Death in France Civil registration of births, deaths, and marriages in France began in 1792. Because these records cover the entire population, are easily accessible and indexed, and include people of all denominations, they are a vital resource for French genealogy research. The information presented varies by locality and time period but often includes the individuals date and place of birth and the names of the parents and/or spouse. One additional bonus of French civil records  is that birth records often include what is known as margin entries, handwritten notes made in the side margin, which can lead to additional records. From 1897, these margin entries will often include marriage information (date and location). Divorces are generally noted from 1939, deaths from 1945, and legal separations from 1958. The best part of French civil registration records, however, is that so many of them are now available online. Records of civil registration are typically held in registries in the local mairie (town hall), with copies deposited each year with the local magistrates court. Records over 100 years old are placed in the Archives Dà ©partementales (series E) and are available for public consultation. It is possible to obtain access to the more recent records, but they are not usually not available online due to privacy restrictions, and you will generally be required to prove, through the use of birth certificates, your direct descent from the person in question. Many Departmental Archives have placed portions of their holdings online, often beginning with the actes detat civils (civil records). Unfortunately, online access to the indexes and digital images has been restricted to events older than  120 years by the Commission nationale de linformatique et des libertà ©s (CNIL). How to Locate French Civil Registration Records Locate the Town/CommuneThe important first step is to identify and approximate date of a birth, marriage, or death, and the city or town in France in which it occurred. Generally knowing just the department or region of France is not enough, although there are some cases such as the Tables darrondissement de Versailles which indexes the actes dà ©tat civil across 114 communes (1843-1892) in the Yvelines department. Most civil registration records, however, are accessible only by knowing the town - unless, that is, you have the patience to wade page by page through the records of dozens if not hundreds of different communes. Identify the DepartmentOnce you have identified the town, the next step is to identify the department that now holds those records by locating the town (commune) on a map, or using an Internet search such as lutzelhouse department france.  In large cities, such as Nice or Paris, there may be many civil registration districts, so unless you can identify the approximate location within the city where they lived, you may have no choice but to browse through the records of multiple registration districts. With this information, next locate the online holdings of the Archives Dà ©partementales for your ancestors commune, by either consulting an online directory such as French Genealogy Records Online, or use your favorite search engine, to search for the name of the archives (e.g. bas rhin archives) plus etat civil. Tables Annuelles and Tables Dà ©cennalesIf the civil registers are available online through the departmental archives, there will generally be a function to search or browse to the correct commune. If the year of the event is known, then you can then browse directly to the register for that year, and then turn to the back of the register for the tables annuelles, an alphabetical listing of names and dates, organized by event type - birth (naissance), marriage (mariage), and death (dà ©cà ¨s), along with the entry number (not page number). If you are not sure of the exact year of the event, then look for a link to the Tables Dà ©cennales, often referred to as the TD. These ten-year indexes list all names in each event category alphabetically, or grouped by the first letter of the last name, and then chronologically by the date of the event. With the information from the tables dà ©cennales you can then access the register for that particular year and browse directly to the portion of the register for the event in question, and then chronologically to the date of the event. What to Expect Most French civil registers of birth, marriage, and death are written in French, though this doesnt present a great difficulty to non-French speaking researchers as the format is basically the same for most records. All you need to do is learn a few basic French words (e.g.  naissancebirth) and you can read pretty much any French civil register. This French Genealogical Word List includes most of the common genealogy terms in English, along with their French equivalents. The exception is the localities that at some point in history were under the control of a different government. In Alsace-Lorraine, for example, some civil registers are in German. In Nice and Corse, some are in Italian.

Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Art History - Essay Example The rise of humanism promoted a renewed interest in pagan themes. The writings of the classical authors such as Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates were influential in the new philosophies of the period. Therefore, an interest in the writings promoted an interest in the mythologies of the ancient Classical period (Hankins 14). However, the paintings would reflect the cultural aesthetics of the time period in which they were painted through the clothing and styles that were used upon the figural representations. Their were distinct differences in the work that was created in the late 15th century to that of the early 16th century. The work of the later half of the century was typified by large groupings of figures who created a story based on period interpretations of the concepts of mythological representations, where in the 16th century there is a shift to fewer figures with attention giving to the realism and curvature of the body. Two paintings that can be compared for these attributes are Francesco Cossa’s Triumph of Venus 1469-1470 and Raphael’s Three Graces 1501-1505. The transition between the two centuries happened very rapidly as the abandonment of the Gothic period with its flatter representations gave way to the appeal of the transformational quality of the use of light to reveal curve and depth. In looking at these two pieces of artwork, it is clear that the representation of the three graces are similar in composition, but distinctly different in the way they are presented. The purpose of the Three Graces are to represent the concept of benefits. In most ancient depictions they are shown nude as or in sheer clothing, according Seneca, benefits should be visible (Algazi et al 348). The goddesses are known for the affiliation with beauty, charm, human creativity, fertility and beauty. They are most often depicted as three represented by Aglaea who is

Abstract for Conference paper about Energy Management 'Towards Essay

Abstract for Conference paper about Energy Management 'Towards Sustainable Energy for Developing Countries' - Essay Example By doing this, the water transmission and its various utilities will be at their best as excesses and irregularities are kept away. SSM is a strategic management tool whose goals is to improve on process eficiency and hence saves on money and other resources. This means that the SSM will creat an economical atmosphere that allows huge saving in water consumption. The water saved during transmission is used to bridge the shortage gap and hence people do not result to using ground water. In the wake of deregularization of the water transmission industry, the SSM policy becomes very important in sneaking back responsiveness of the industry. In this case, the SSM has become very crucial as it is the only remaining tool that can check on excesses and irregularities in the sector. Through implementation of the Policy Framework for SSM , the industry stands to increase its competitiveness in the market. The efficiency and check and balance in the water distribution will enhance proper management of water sources by reducing wastage as much as possible (Nwakanma& Mgbataogu, 2014). This paper deliberates on the enactment and implementation of the Policy Framework for SSM in water transmission that will ensure energy security in a country. By doing so, the paper will discuss how the policy framework will operate in the water energy sector regardless of the fact that the government has deregularized it, (Montanaro & Tonveronachi, 2012). Additionally, the projects seeks to recommend for a reduction of ground water abstraction to rates as low as 5MIG per day during the summer season. To do this, the article will establish effective methods of increasing the capacity for water storage to ensure long term water and power security especially during seasons of water shortage, (Niefer, 2014). In conclusion, this research will aim at setting the foundation of water supply to the entire country, devoid of inconveniences and

Why Nomadic People Developed Complex Civilization Essay

Why Nomadic People Developed Complex Civilization - Essay Example They would move to a place that they considered economically better than their current situation (Goldin et al 120). There were three categories of Nomadic people, hunters and gatherers, pastoral, and wandering Nomads. Hunters and gatherers nomads were communities moving from one location to another in search of wild meat, fruits, and vegetables. Pastoral nomads’ movement were influenced by the availability of water and pastures for their cattle, they were settling in places with good pasture for their animals, and when pastures and water were exhausted in these locations, they would move to another location with greener pasture and water. On account of their movement and interaction with various communities, modern day civilization was born that led to the development of different economic empires and rise of military structure. Another of factors made nomadic people settle, build and develop complex civilization. Firstly, the development of new methods agriculture as time passes by made nomads to settle in one place because there was a way to control drought through irrigating their land. Also, through improved irrigation system, pastoralist were able to store enough water for their animals and at the same time irrigate land reserved for pasture so that they do not run animal feeds.

Domestic Architecture In Northern Nigeria Cultural Studies Essay

Domestic Architecture In Northern Nigeria Cultural Studies Essay Vernacular architecture can only be described as architecture without architects. It is merely in response to a particular individual or community needs, in the sense that buildings designed and built by individuals who according to local climate and culture of a particular community. Study of vernacular architecture explores the characteristics of the local buildings in the district or area, and many factors are social and cultural development. Can the concept of African vernacular style of architecture through both historical trends and perspectives of the environment. While the Yoruba in southwestern Nigeria live in corrugated zinc roof of a mud wall and the unit is surrounded by thick mud walls, and high for reasons of protection against invasion of foreign enemies, normad shepherd from northern Nigeria, Mali, living in temporary grass round the house time. But in Nigeria, expressed in the form of vernacular architecture, cultural influences originating from Brazil and North Africa and Europe. This forms a basis for social organization and traditional culture in the Nigerian society and the interaction between him and other influences can crystallize in the local architecture Nigeria (Adeyemi 1975 to 1976). 2.0 Issue / problem statement: Theft of modern technology in our society construction and design skills of environmentally sensitive homes. Modern architecture became more and more environmentally friendly not only to the people, but also the environment, including use of excessive energy in cooling. That is why we must return to the vernacular architecture to see how the principles can save and use the vernacular in the field of sustainable architecture. There are also around after years of materials that are environmentally friendly and in bad faith for building materials and sustainable construction methods. Search Questions 3.0: Here are some questions I would like to discuss and debate about this in the vernacular architecture in northern Nigeria. How and vernacular architecture to be in Nigeria? What is the vernacular architecture, sustainable architecture? How the vernacular architecture of interaction with the environment? How does the modern style of vernacular architecture? Does the vernacular architecture of energy efficiency? 4.0 Goals / Objectives: The purpose of this study was to find out what determines the vernacular architecture and the study of how vernacular architecture has been developed over the years, and how modern architecture has adopted elements of vernacular architecture. This study will also explore and evaluate the elements of architecture and design principles that can be applied from vernacular architecture to achieve a more affordable and better provide good sustainable buildings. Objective 5.0: To explore the architectural design elements of vernacular architecture. To study the relationship between culture and vernacular architecture. To see if the vernacular architecture sustainable. 6.0 Scope: Will be based on this study on vernacular architecture in northern Nigeria, this paper will discuss the existence of vernacular architecture in Nigeria and the advantages and disadvantages. This study also brings light on the sustainability of vernacular architecture, and types of materials used in vernacular architecture, and how they interact with the culture and environment for those northern Nigeria. It will also discuss research on how the vernacular architecture influenced modern architectural style, and if the two can be combined to provide sustainable buildings is cheaper and better. 7.0 Methodology: It can describe the way in which research in terms of research philosophy that they take part, and the search strategy used and therefore the research tools used (and may be included) in order to achieve that goal the goal search (s) and trying to find a solution to this problem the research questions. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the philosophy of research in relation to other philosophies, put the search strategy, including research methodology was adopted, and displays the search tool has been developed and used in order to achieve the goal. Research will be conducted on the basis of qualitative research methods. Will combine the depth of vernacular architecture and the production of research-based information in certain cases. This approach is based on ethnographic data collection, which will work to find a particular culture environment, and how it reflects their culture in their buildings. And methods of gathering information to become a reflective journal, the study of literature, articles and analysis of documents and materials. 8.0 Literature review In practice, many scientists, when they talk about slang, meaning that age, in rural areas, and local levels. But this definition, when it set an important part of the world average, built, and also a lot of leaves outside. No vernacular architecture now? Are all the history? Are there any vernacular architecture in the city? What about the stores and warehouses, churches, warehouses, stables, workshops, and commercial areas and suburban areas, and other environments, a public place? Are not elements of natural language? Dell Upton and John Michael Flash, Common Places: Read the result in American domestic architecture (1986) Vernacular architecture is the most common term used to denote, and the tribes of farmers, indigenous, and traditional architecture. . . It can distinguish between the formal architecture, the design engineer, engineering, architectural vernacular, and between this and what can be called the Peoples Architecture. Paul Oliver, Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture in the world (1997) (1997), when we isolate from the world, many ignore the vernacular architecture and name it, we have prepared for analysis. In the long marks the transition from unknown to known. Henry Glassie, Vernacular Architecture (2000) From the Latin vernaculus means mother. Vernacular architecture is when all the exhibits the standards applicable to the original context, meaning that it can be accepted and recognized in any given society through the application of some special techniques, materials, and methods and social systems. Slang a term that referred to as a way of expression group or category (Dictionary, 2002). This is a group / class can be kind of like people, buildings and very different patterns of expression I mean, how it seems to us, and this expression pattern is different for each group or category. The language used and the mode of expression a group of people and slang for the first time to define the language in England in 1839. Refers to the colloquial dialect of the region or country and not the intellectual language and literature, or foreign. He worked in the native language and then intermittently, and receive a wider application in the 1950s (Oliver, 1997). Then came the idea in the history of architecture and mode of expression for a particular class of architecture. Architecture researchers are trying to crystallize the idea of à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹vernacular slang in different ways. Some have tried to give a specific definition in order to distinguish between the vernacular architecture of other types of architecture. There are also some definitions, which primarily features the characteristics of vernacular architecture. We can mention the most important is the definition and description of the basic characteristics or for the purpose of vernacular architecture. With the help of this information in a combination of the basic characteristics can be written in colloquial definition of architecture as vernacular architecture refers to the built form has been built from local materials using the technology available in the technical and designed to meet the needs of ordinary people in their time and place Vernacular architecture concepts developed and used for centuries by various civilizations throughout the world through trial and error, and therefore the different architectural styles, and based on local conditions. Vernacular architecture in all parts of the world is rich with ancient techniques and indigenous peoples at the beginning used to protect themselves from different weather conditions. Population survived this early in themselves by sheltering in a traditional building that has been tried throughout the ages. In the vernacular architecture, the solution is not only the climate problem, but also considered aesthetics, and function of the physical and social housing which is why design is so different in all parts of Africa. Generation to generation, provided a comfortable life housing conditions as a result of the great architect. Examples can be drawn from Africa cross sections are very good that comes from the northern part of Africa, Libya to the southern part of Afric a, and South Africa. Design has been selected or the housing structure at the beginning or settlements that things like the climate and the environment, culture, and materials. Their homes and seem to live in harmony with their environment, in other words they are sustainable. Architect responsible for building modern, and can be regarded as the person responsible for the use of the construction industry of energy available is very rare. Architects more and more and be conscious of the problem, and make progress in the design concept green and sustainable. Which has a substantial interest in architecture and community development programs in areas of vernacular architecture. This has been reinstated as the need for architectural design that works well with the climate and environment, not against, and with it the need to create more sustainable buildings. This awareness means that the new design and any renewal must be maintained. Vernacular architecture produced in the past built environment and the demands of those who responded to the destruction of the environment. This paper discusses the concept of how we can use the principles of vernacular architecture to create sustainability in building design vernacular search in Africa. 9.0 The presence of local architecture in northern Nigeria Rooted in the vernacular architecture of the city in the United States since the century old city on 15. The most remarkable that the Hausa city company also organizes a row. Architecture, especially in the mud, and fortified with oil palm. Artisan system development structure using the structure of clay to the limit, also developed the practice of using abstract art decoration. Various construction materials, which reflects the location and status, and all kinds of modern materials including concrete, stone, glass, marble, granite and other steel products are usually available. For people in traditional areas and rural areas, and the poor, the most common materials used in construction are of clay or mud. And building construction in the form of mud dry mass of the sun, and wattle and daub, or using the building blocks are called private tubali armed with palm fronds. 9.1 Architecture and the local model According to the harmony (2000) in various forms of architectural structure is a complex phenomenon and no explanation, it is not enough. All explanations are possible, however, the differences in people, a subject with a very different attitude, and ambition to respond to a variety of natural environments, as it deems appropriate. In the context of vernacular architecture, this answer varies from one place to another due to changes and differences in the interaction between social factors and culture, ritual, and economic and physical. This may be the factors and responses to change, but gradually even in the same place over time, but the lack of rapid social and cultural change. People who live in cold climate warming wood burning themselves or dispose of the membership. Can be used and those who live in hot climates, moist air currents and to minimize the effects of moisture. Children who live in areas with hot climate, dry house with a high thermal mass due to the large difference in temperature between day and night, and humidity is very low. What they have in common, and they all have chosen the correct form, using local building materials, and they are to overcome the negative effects of weather conditions. Buildings must be protected from bad weather, for example in areas with high precipitation, and brick clay, must restore almost every year with a few thin clay plaster, to protect and preserve the brick. Culture also has a significant impact on the emergence of vernacular buildings. North often adorn the building, according to local customs and beliefs, as shown in Figure 2. With the way that the use of the sanctuary, is a substantial effect on the form of construction. Family size, which shared space, and how they provide food and nutrition, and how people interact and many other cultural considerations will affect the area and size of housing. Furnishings are in accordance with their customs and beliefs of others to express their faith by the decoration and others are not. North of the influence of Islamic architecture and Egypt. 10.0 of local architecture and environment Slang is not sustainable, and will not reduce local resource if done correctly. If it is not sustainable, and they are not suitable for the local context, and can not be colloquial. Oliver, in housing (2003), and claims that vernacular architecture affected by different aspects of human behavior and the environment, leading to different forms of construction of almost every different context; neighboring village even though it might have a different approach to build and use of their home, although they may initially appear the same. Despite these differences, every building is subject to the same laws of physics, which shows that vernacular architecture is not lost, and Frank Lloyd Wright showed in the definition vernacular architecture, and with the great similarities in the structure. Vernacular can be seen everywhere in the world in different forms as affected by the people, culture, climate and materials. Local environment and construction materials can be prepared, administered by a lot of vernacular architecture. Since northern Nigeria has two types of climate, the Mediterranean and desert climate, and architecture cost near-different from the rural areas. Architectural materials, for example, identifying and using mostly clay, wood, stone grass in parts of northern Nigeria in the mud while the interior. A mud brick wall of dried mud bricks and then plastered. Usually filled with mud roof reinforced with wood or palm and then plastered with clay because heat (p2101 Oliver 1997). In northern Nigeria because of the mud, and existing and local sources, this is because this is the same building materials. Vernacular architecture reflects the use of local materials and get the tools and skills to make them. Whether nomadic or settled, such as residential or economic development will remain largely dependent on climate, soil, plants, seasons and other natural resources and phenomena. In areas rich in trees and wooden vernacular, while the area is not much wood could use mud or stone. It is believed that traditional materials and techniques for a while, substandard, or second class, while modern materials and civilized, or a symbol of wealth. Paul Oliver in (built to meet the needs of) show that vernacular architecture suffer from apathy and ignorance of history or social value, are assigned a low status housing, and so few people have seen their home natural low status. Find show that people will build what they believe, and turn them back in the native language, and look more modern architecture and superior. Any change in perception has the potential to revive interest in vernacular architecture. This perception may be due to missionaries and colonial, built in a style that reflects the wealth and power. Local population and became convinced that the availability and cost of imported materials is a symbol of wealth, and that the vernacular style of the original materials are under the required level. So far, vernacular materials last longer if used properly. May be appropriate for the work of hay will last up to 25 years, and walls built of mud bricks can be up to 70 years or more. Need to focus on Africa of the vernacular style, with modern materials used in the campaign when you need to get as much or more stable structure. There is a need to seek to understand the different soil conditions, and comes with pregnancy accounts for pole structures, mud bricks. Like many African countries struggling to solve housing problems, vernacular architecture can be an answer for building materials and proved to be expensive. 11.0 Sustainability and local architecture According Mbina (2006), and development as a human activity is a deliberate attempt by man to improve his living conditions through the use of innovative resources and smart, either the transformation of human, material and financial backwardness of the society from the state a more prosperous good life. If this is true, and can be sustainable architecture Africa? The answer is positive, but it occurs, must be about four major issues are adequately addressed because they seem to create trouble for the development as follows: 11.1 Technology and Building Materials African housing technologies and techniques are very low and so far back behind their foreign counterparts. This technology to be viable and acceptable, there must be improvement in the context of technological progress 21. History has shown the importance and effectiveness of local building materials such as stone and mud / earth, and organic products (Jolaoso 2006). This has been used in construction work in the early centuries in places like Egypt and South Africa. Have been served at a reasonable cost relative. Thus, this provides a convenient platform for further research that can be taken into account as they related to the form of vernacular architecture, shape, size, and style. 11.2 African attitudes towards the local architecture There seems to be a relatively low position, much of Africa towards the acceptance of vernacular architecture. In fact, there is a screen aesthetic of African architecture and some African and foreign audiences. It is argued here that, whatever disadvantages may be felt in this context, can be turned to advantage if a complete perspective of the environment and to create a full intellectualisation not to be known only on the screen, but can be systematically ignored. One reason that some African intellectuals is not like that vernacular architecture is the slang and not harmful to the Amour propre, but they have lost, in fact a culture of intimacy that allows them to see immediately the importance of many of the vernacular architecture, and to focus on the intellect, in the same time, for any reason, and not interested to develop the ability to estimate through intellectualisation (Bokannen 2000). 11.3 AIDS They are relatively cheap to develop sustainable vernacular architecture. Although the license, and developers need government assistance through long-term loans to support large utilities, and pay back over a long period of time (10-25 years), without any unnecessary trouble. 11.4 climatic conditions Climatic conditions play an important role in influencing the shape and style and form in architecture. Some vernacular builders pay little attention when building a house because of the lack of government attention qualifying standards. 12.0 Conclusion Vernacular architecture there for several centuries, has grown over the years through trial and error. Has been approved as this knowledge from generation to generation and has been tried and tested over the years. It has survived several vernacular structures of all types of extreme weather conditions. Can not be a common vernacular house built using clay has a life expectancy of more than 70 years. Now, with the use of current knowledge of the earth or mud as a building material, building age is far more than 70 years. Vernacular architecture once the pride and heritage to the races and different cultures in Africa, but as a result of imperialism be seen as lower status homes by those who are capable of modern building materials. This study shows how Africa has come in the architecture, and where he will. Emerging challenges of sustainability requires a revolution in design philosophy, strategies, techniques and methods of building construction, and then look back on vernacular architecture, to see how we can build sustainable buildings

On Certainty :: Essays Papers

On Certainty In his essay â€Å"An Argument for Skepticism†, Peter Unger makes the case for the â€Å"universal form of the skeptical thesis†. He is arguing for the position that any type of knowledge is impossible for any person. His argument seems to be a simple one, derived from two very clear hypotheses, but that is not the case. This paper is an attempt to show that while philosophically interesting, Unger’s attack on knowledge is not nearly so damaging as he contends. I will argue that Unger mischaracterizes the nature of certainty as it is ordinarily used (something he says is important to his argument), and also that he has mischaracterized one of the sources he used to defend this definition. I will then present W.V.O. Quine’s psychologically based epistemology as presented in â€Å"Epistemology Naturalized† and â€Å"Two Dogmas of Empiricism†, and argue that this theory provides a more adequate account of the way knowledge and certainty are understood. I will also attempt to address the objections to Quine’s theory raised by Jaegwon Kim. So, how does one begin an attack on all knowledge? The answer, as it turns out, is quite simply. Unger’s argument consists of only two premises. The first of these states that â€Å"If someone knows something to be so, then it is all right for the person to be absolutely certain that it is so (238).† To this is added the second premise, that â€Å"It is never all right for anyone to be absolutely certain that anything is so (238).† Clearly, the conclusion â€Å"Nobody ever knows that anything is so†(238) follows. Unger next alters these premises slightly, adding the idea of overriding considerations. The first premise is the same except with the words â€Å"†¦providing only that no overriding consideration (or considerations) make it not all right (241).† Likewise, the second premise becomes It is not the case that it is all right for someone to be absolutely certain that something is so providing only that no overriding (consideration or) considerations make it all right. (242). I am perfectly willing to grant Unger the first premise. I think that there is no problem with allowing him this, in and of itself. Even the second premise is allowable in a certain, philosophically interesting sense, and in this sense, Unger’s argument is very strong. The philosophical ideal of absolute certainty is something that I think should be given up as a vain pursuit, and I think that Unger shows this nicely.

Analytical of Brent Staples Essay

In â€Å"Black Men and Public Space,† Brent Staples makes the most interesting idea that, people look – always – to black men as a threat, they see every dark skinned youth as an incoming danger, and that is what Staples implies in his essay. He also explains when he was young, people looked at him as a mugger or, a rapist or even worse. So, throughout his essay we can see Staples’ realization of the fact that, people – rarely – change their prospective about black guys. He is trying to bring discrimination problem into the spot light, a problem that should have disappeared hundreds of years ago. This problem still irritating the peace of this community and to find reasonable solutions for it, he is trying to make people sympathize with his cause by making them live his life in his own words. The literary elements Staples used played an important role to grab reader’s attention and feel his pain, and the problems he went through. His r ealization that he should deal with community with more understanding, and that appeared in his language and word choice along with the sarcastic tones, irony, and metaphors. At the beginning, Staples tries to visualize the first impact with the night walkers, he started with â€Å"my first victim† which is a sarcastic and yet very sad tone, because it carries in it a deep meaning of how people see him (188). The language indicates a good sense of understanding people around him, a sense of understanding in which he mentions specifically the distance between him and his â€Å"first victim† as â€Å"menacingly close† from her prospective even if it was from â€Å"discreet, inflammatory distance† in his prospective which, implicates a good understanding of the situation (188), even though the distant between the two of them was quite far his â€Å"first victim† considered dangerously close. Staples continues to analyze the situation that happened a â€Å"decade ago† with  more understanding. He explains why he felt bad when he was â€Å"a graduate student newly arrived at the University of Chicago† (188). He was able to change the surroundings, in a bad way, through only his presence among people as he looked â€Å"undistinguishable from muggers† (189). His tone is carrying a lot of sadness because his look may affect the reaction of others in a way that may have been hurting him. Staples also uses metaphors like â€Å"public space† to indicate the huge effect on the people around him (188), and â€Å"accomplice in tyranny† indicates irony because he never participated in such an action. On the contrary, people who treated him badly may have done it. â€Å"When fear and weapons meet† is another metaphor, and implies the danger of looking like a mugger for the people around you, and also sounds scary and dangerous. Staples also mentioned how he was helpless when people closed their door lock fearing him, he mentioned the sound which this act produces â€Å"thunk, thunk, thunk , thunk†. (189) He states how they are â€Å"hammering down† the door lock every time he is passing the stopped cars at night, which sounds horrifying not for them but for staples and this is a kind of irony because they are scared from him but their reaction scared him(189). Than staples mentions how when he moved to New York, the same stereotype remained and people also treated him the same when he used to walk at night, he describes the streets of Manhattan as â€Å"narrow and tightly spaced† and its buildings to â€Å"shut out the sky,† which is a symbolism that pictures the buildings as a barrier which close the sky (189). The situation could have been catastrophic for him when he passes people because they may fear the â€Å"worst of him† and take action according to that assumption and this could be fatal (189). Also, he mentions how people always â€Å"fear the worst of him† which is irony because the real fear comes from them as they may react violently thinking that they are protecting themselves not the opposite (189). Also, he mentioned how people â€Å"set their faces on neutral† when they see him this is another symbolism staples use to describe the reaction of people when they saw him, how uncomfortable they are around him. But, beside his sadness, Staples has a sense of understanding why people would do such a thing why they got scared when they see him, and that was clear when he said, â€Å"I understand, of course, that the danger they perceive is not a  hallucination† (189), which is an obvious tone of understanding. Staples also uses words like â€Å"aliena tion† which indicates his sadness and isolation because, it is his land but, feels as a stranger (189). Staples then explains that he is not a stranger from â€Å"Chester, Pennsylvak† and explains why he would never think like a mugger, or a rapist. He is saying that he â€Å"grew up like one of the good boys† which carries a lot of irony because, people thought that he is a bad person, but he was really one of good boys (189). He continues explaining why he grew up a good boy, how he buried his friends who really died young or as he said â€Å"they were babies† which is a metaphor that gives us a good idea of how those kids wasted their lives for nothing and died very young. That led Staples to be â€Å"a shadow†, a whose presence creates fear in people, and that is another irony because, how could the people get scared from such a nice guy? This nice guy is always misunderstood by people, always has been treated badly over the years. He mentioned how he could not prove who he is when he had a story to write and he is saying, â€Å"I had no way of proving who I was†, and the tone here is weakness, sadness, and bitty (190). He also mentions his experience in jewelry store, and how the lady back then thought He is a thief or something, and she got the dog â€Å"an enormous Doberman† (190), and that brings a picture to one’s mind about the dark ages when slavery took place, widely, all over The United States it shows the brutality, and discrimination that happens against African American youth as he mentions how â€Å"such episodes are not common. Black men trade tales like this all the time† (190). Staples mentions also that it is not only him who had been subjected to such discrimination but also several black guys who keep telling their stories as staples said, â€Å"black men trade tales like this all the time† (190) and that emphasizes the fact that this is a kind of discrimination against a group of people, in this case â€Å"the black men†. So to deal with that, staples â€Å"now take precautions† although it sounds as irony because, he is the victim of the community and yet he has to take precautions, and â€Å"make himself less threatening†? (190) Staples succeeded to grab people’s attention to his cause by showing his experiences and pain through several literary elements especially irony, metaphors and word choice, and that made the reader more sympathetic and understanding of his point of view and his situation. Staples also succeeded to bring this discrimination issue to the surface, and trying to find a solution for it, even if this solution was changing himself