American History 1946-1976

The United States is a nation of immigrants. The resident population of the country comprises people who came from abroad or are descendents from overseas. Black were said to be some of the earlier migrants but they were considered to be slaves prior to the Emancipation Proclamation. The transformation of the American society is not possible without the outburst of population influx. The industrial revolution made it possible for transportation and communication, resulting in a massive economic transformation for America. In the early part of American history, immigration rules had been lax.It was not until 1819 when the first immigration statistics had been collected when the topic of immigration was laid on the table for lawmakers (McClenaghan, 1988, p. 170). Given the abundance of fertile land in the country which necessitated workers, immigration was deemed on a positive note. However, the end of the Civil War saw closing of the land frontier. There was no shortage of manpower an d the sudden boom of population and spirit of nationalism had started to take its toll among immigrants. The end of Civil War was witnessed by European immigrants who had already settled in the county starting 1820.The Irish, for instance, had left Ireland due to the severe British regimen ruling in their country (May, 1989, p. 479). Likewise, the European War saw many Italians, Greeks, Polish, Germans and other non-English speaking people coming to America. In Unit I, which covers the 1865- 1876, life for American immigrants mirrored the agony of reconstruction the country was facing at that time. As the country was struggling with picking the pieces of an embattled nation, immigrants continued to flock America. Some southern and northern states had put up bureaus to draw immigrants.The Contract Labor Law of 1864 stated that the federal government would assist an immigrant in his journey by a â€Å"lien on his or her wages† (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 938). The law was revoke d in 1868. Majority of non-English speaking immigrants toiled as laborers, porters, peddlers, while those who spoke English were able to find higher paying jobs. By 1870, the country had around 39 million people, 3 million of whom were immigrants or those born abroad and settled in America (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p. 549).There were also immigrants from Asia. In the early 1850s, Chinese immigrants went to California to work in gold mines (Brinkley, 2003, p. 446). By 1865, more than 12,000 Chinese had found work in building the transcontinental railroad. The Central Pacific which was then responsible for building the western part of the road had 90% of Chinese in its labor force. One social issue they faced was discrimination. While it was true that corporations preferred hiring Chinese because of their tenacity and commitment to work, many Americans resented this.More jobs were being given to Chinese because they were also willing to work for fewer wages, som ething which did not sit well with Americans. As one editor of the New York Nation said, the Chinese were responsible for creating a â€Å"disgusting habits of thrift, industry and self-denial† (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 947). With the country tiding in on Reconstruction, the economy was not in a good shape and Americans blamed the Chinese and other immigrants (May, 1989, p. 481). Discrimination in California, where most Chinese immigrants had taken residence, started to brew.The Workingmen’s Party, for instance, was intense in goading the government to pass laws to victimize Chinese. The Sidewalk Ordinance which banned people carrying their merchandise on a pole to walk on the sidewalk (p. 481). At that time only Chinese carried their goods this way. The discrimination was this obvious: the anti-Chinese sentiment was growing. The Panic of 1873 fueled this tension and the Congress soon acted with an exclusion act in 1879, which ban the import of Chinese workers (Bragdo n, McCutchen, and Ritchie, 1996, p. 532).In response to the issue, the Chinese did nothing, continuing to work, toiling in vast drainage and irrigation projects (Brinkley, 2003, p 446). It was initially rejected by President Hayes citing the Burlingame Treaty of 1868, which made China a â€Å"most-favored nation† when it comes to travel and immigration (O’Neill, 2002, p. 240; Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 947). However, as constructions of railroads were finished, demand for laborers waned and in 1882, President Arthur approved a ten-year suspension called the Chinese Exclusion Act. In 1902, the act suspended indefinitely.The outcome was limitation in the number of Chinese immigrants coming in to the country but their number had already increased due to marriage and birth within their community. The tide of American immigrants continued from 1877- 1920. In fact, it was during this period where around 14 million Europeans made America their residence (May, 1989, p. 482). It used to be that immigrants came prior to 1890 came from northern and western Europe. However, the year 1885 saw a tremendous increase of immigrants coming from southern and Eastern Europe (Bragdon, McCutchen and Ritchie, 1996, p.529). Furthermore, America welcomed immigrants from Canada, Mexico, Latin America and Japan (Brinkley, 2003, p. 502). Chinese immigrants, despite the Chinese Exclusion Act, along with the Japanese continued to flock America (p. 502). In 1880, there were around 75,000 Chinese in California, 1/9th of the state’s population (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 946). In 1870, the number of Japanese immigrants were roughly about 56; however by 1900-1909, the figures increased significantly to an estimate 7000 (p. 481).By 1890, four out of five people living in New York was born abroad; the state also become home to more Irish than the Irish people living in Ireland (p. 937). The appeal of America was probably due to the hardship their respective countries were expe rienced. The surge in immigration was responsible for the growth of the country, especially its urban growth as most immigrants were lured by the city, where the realization of the American dream had already begun. Europeans crossed the Atlantic in hopes of a better future in the cities of America (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 504).As the new immigrants began to settle in the cities, they started to live in homogenous neighborhoods. Thus, there existed a Little Italy and a Jewish Lower East Side on the side of New York and Chinatown. These small enclaves allowed the immigrants to retain their sense of community. In 1920, Chicago had around 1 7 Little Italy colonies spread out in the city (p. 943). Ellis Island in New York became the port of immigrants. This reception center situated in an island off the New Jersey coast became the first soil that immigrants stepped on upon entering the United States (pp.940). The ethnic neighborhood facilitated for what could have been an easier ass imilation for these immigrants. They recreated their own churches, synagogues, and even printed their own newspapers (p. 531). However, the influx immigration created not only social problems but economic and as well. Immigrants had a hard time finding decent jobs, often toiling in sweatshops, factories and mines. The atmosphere of nativism, where native-born should be favored instead of immigrants in just about anything, was developing.Native-born Americans started growing prejudice against them, threatened their entry in the country. The differences not only in language, dress and customs made Americans fear for this looming social changes. Immigrants were easily the subject of hostility. Literary problems also started to arise, especially for those non-English speaking immigrants. The Japanese, for instance, started learning the American way of living, learning English and sending their children to public schools (May, 1989, p. 481). However, this did not sit well with Americans. In 1906, the San Francisco school board issued an order to separate Japanese children from the other students. When the Japanese government protested, President Roosevelt intervened. An agreement in 1908 centered on an agreement limiting the number of Japanese immigrants to the country (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 506). California, which in earlier years, resented the presence of Chinese immigrants, passed an Alien Land Law, which banned Japanese from possessing agriculture land (p. 506). As labor unions began to form around the country, immigrants were still not accepted.For one, they received fewer wage. For a dollar that an American-born laborer received, Italians received 84 cents, Hungarians 68 cents and others 54 cents (Katz, 1993, p. 73). Furthermore, Americans organized themselves to counter the growing number of immigrants. They formed group such as the American Protective Association, which was against Catholic immigrants. The largest labor union, the AFL or American Fede ration of Labor excluded immigrants. As America continued to plunge into urban growth, political corruption became prevalent. Americans blamed corruption as the cause of the growing immigration.In response to this, immigrants chose to remain loyal to their employees. As civic reformers talked of cleaning up the government and expressing their contempt on immigrants, the bosses showed appreciation to their employees by helping them process their naturalization proceedings and helping them when they got into trouble (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 507). With regards to the labor union, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWWW) was formed in 1905 to include all workers regardless of race, skill and gender (Katz, 1993, p. 73). The outcome of this was that immigrants had started to stand up for what they believed in.racial segregation still existed but the process of keeping their identities intact had begun. An example was the creation of French-language parochial schools in New England. Put up by French Canadians, the schools had grown to 179 elementary and 28 high schools in America (Katz, 1993, p. 15). It was a clear sign that immigrants were determined to stay in the country. Child labor laws prohibited immigrant children to work, forced them instead to go to schools. With the compulsory education laws, children of immigrants became indoctrinated with the American values and English values (p. 642).Majority of these children were responsible of passing their learning to their non-English speaking parents. The years 1921-1945 saw a decrease in the number of immigrants. Following the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, the list of requirements and restriction on immigrants had tightened. For instance, immoral persons and anarchists were banned to enter US in 1903, illiterates in 1917 (McClenaghan, 1988, p. 170). By 1920, roughly 20 various immigrant groups were not able to step in the country (p. 170). The lives of American immigrants became harder, especially with th e mounting antiforeign and anti-Black sentiment around the country.This period ushered in the Progressive spirit, which focused on every aspect of American life, including those of immigrants. This time saw reforms in what Progressives deemed as the evils of the American system. Discrimination and prejudice still reigned in the country, despite the fact that American immigrants have been in the country for years One political problem they faced was religious problems. As World War I erupted, many Europeans fled their countries and sought refuge in America. The â€Å"new immigrants,† as they were known, were mostly Jewish or Roman Catholics (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p.630). American Protestants feared that their religious values would shadow the presence of Catholics. Some employees also declined Irish applicants, to the extent of posting an â€Å"Irish need not apply† signs (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 483). The Catholic Church was then dominate d by the Irish, thus became the subject of religious persecution. Additionally, various religious discrepancies among immigrants themselves caused more misunderstanding. To cite, Russian and Polish Jews had different traditions from Sephardic and German Jews (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 945).In response to this issue, the immigrants continued to go about their own ways. They formed groups, recreated their own churches and synagogues. The outcome of doing this was it strengthened the unity among immigrant groups. They became more close-knit, living in homogenous areas of the city. It was also during this period when immigrants faced greater social and political problems. Agitation towards immigrant became full-blown. Xenophobia or the fear of strangers became the growing sentiment in the country. The â€Å"new immigrants† made Americans alarmed over â€Å"race suicide† (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p.63). For instance, Kenneth Roberts wrote in the popular Saturday Evening Po st that Polish Jews should be avoided for they were â€Å"human parasites† and that immigrants of Nordic, Alpine, Mediterranean and Semitic ethnicity were not only â€Å"worthless and futile† but â€Å"good-for-nothing mongrels of Central America and Southeastern Europe† (p. 630). Another problem which immigrants faced which further planted the seeds of the sedition was the celebrated case involving two Italian anarchists named Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. An anarchist is someone who does not believe in any form of government.The two were arrested for a payroll robbery and murder in Massachusetts (p. 629). They were sentenced to death although evidence against them was inconclusive. They were electrocuted in 1927, amidst a series of worldwide remonstration (p. 629). Some people believed that they were innocent and the reason that they convicted was because of their political beliefs. Moreover, it was during this year when Red Scare pervaded the United S tates. A few years ago, communists, called Reds, took control of the Russian government. The communists believed that the government should take control of everything, like farms and factories.This train of thought contrasts with the American system of free enterprise (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p. 692). Americans soon began fearing that communists living in the US would do embark on this. It did not help that during this time, labor unrest was notorious, stimulating more trepidation on Americans. To assuage their fears, some Americans revived the Ku Klux Klan, which was exclusive for â€Å"native-born, white, gentile Americans† (p. 693). The organization, started during the Reconstruction heyday, attacked not only black people but immigrants, Jews, and American Indians (p.693). In the mid 1920s, the group boasted of around five million members (p. 694). The revival of the Ku Klux Klan, the Red Scare and the conviction of the Italian immigrants made Congr ess pass the Emergency Quota Act in 1921 which restricted immigration to the country (Bragdon, McCutchen and Ritchie, 1996, p. 717). Immigration was limited to 3 percent of the nationality already in the US (p. 717). The act became a permanent policy three years later and in 1927 a total of 150,000 immigrants were to be admitted per year, divided based on the 1920 census (p. 717).Japanese immigrants were completely excluded with the passing of the Japanese Exclusion Act in 1924. In response to the overwhelming problems that beset the immigrants, the immigrants had no choice but to comply with the laws. In some cases, like with the Japanese, the exclusion greatly damaged diplomatic relationship between the two countries. At the height of the war, Japanese-Americans were forced to move to â€Å"relocation camps† (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p. 738). Japanese-Americans who lived on the West Coast were accused of helping the Japanese sabotage the country (p. 7 38).For some immigrants, the restriction and growing anti-immigrant sentiment thrown at them were not enough to make them waver and give in. They remained steadfast and continued living in proximity, becoming stable in the process. They formed groups such as the La Orden de Hijos de America, which comprised white Chicano workers fighting for their U. S. citizenships (Katz, 1993, p. 15). Despite the discrimination and maltreatment, many Japanese- Americans volunteered during the War. It paid off. In 1988, the Senate issued a public apology and provided a tax-free payment of $20,000 to surviving Japanese-Americans (p.738). Following World War II, Unit IV, covering the years 1946-1976, life for immigrants was much better. Despite the inequalities in America, many people chose to live in the country, some sought political asylum and freedom from oppression. Others simply wanted to have a better future in the US. In the 60s, where call for civil rights where at the forefront, many Americ ans demanded for immigration reforms. In July 1963, President Kennedy recommended to scrap the national origins quota system (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p . 882).The Immigration Act of 1965 restricted the number of immigrants to 170,000 per year per country and phased the national origins quota altogether (Brinkley, 2003, p. 835). In the 70s, immigrations increased to 433, 600 a year (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 892). The 60s saw a surge in Mexicans migrating to the country. One literary problem they faced was language barrier. Some Latinos who established their presence in America could not speak nor understand English. This proved to be a big barrier in applying for jobs and immersing in the American life.Several employers took advantage of this and exploited Mexican workers. In response to this, several Mexican Americans founded labor organizations to help them get jobs and receive due benefits. In doing so, they strengthened their ethnicity. With regards to their language, in 1974, the United States Supreme Court approved the right of non-English speaking students to seek education in their own language. Thus, the idea of bilingualism was injected into American culture. After the Vietnam War, several Asians took refuge in America. The door of immigration opened again for the country.In the 80s, legal immigration in the US was estimated at 7 million people (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 1653). It was also the first time that majority of these immigrants did not come from Europe (p. 1653). The new wave of immigrants, mostly from Asia and Latin America, reopened the old wound of ethnic conflict. One social problem these new immigrants faced were still discrimination. In 1994, California passed Proposition 187, which banned illegal aliens to have access to school, medical care and other social services (Bragdon, McCutchen and Ritchie, 1996, p. 1019).This created friction between the legal immigrants and the illegal ones. Some preached that th is is completely bigotry. Adding more salt to the wound was the 1998 approval of ending bilingual education in California. In response to this problem, immigrants worked to enter the country legally. Although there are aliens flooding the country from time to time, Immigration Services has employed a stricter guideline. Several ethnic groups have also asserted themselves. The entry of ethnic studies program in school and universities is one way of embracing cultural differences between Americans and differences.This is one outcome that immigrants had wanted to achieve from the first time they stepped foot in the country. The presence of immigrants in the United States has earned the country the moniker of being a melting pot. The country is a multi-cultural society with each group respecting the other. Mayor Share James of Newark, New Jersey, noted that America’s diversity is its strength (Bragdon, McCutchen and Ritchie, 1996, p. 1020). This makes sense. Since the discovery o f America, it has always been varied. Different cultures and ethnic background make it unique, in the same vein that the differences provide a sense of heritage.It makes America culture colorful. It is sad for a fact that it took people years to understand this and that the forefathers of immigrants had to endure torture and humiliation but the appointment of the first Black American president in the country is probably a sign that yes, the country is ready for change. References Bragdon, H. , McCutchen, S. and Ritchie, D. (1996). History of a free nation. Ohio: Glencoe/ McGraw-Hill. Brinkley, A. (2003). American history a survey USA: McGraw-Hill. Divine, R. , Breen, T. H. , Fredrickson, G. , Williams, R. H. (1991). America the peopleand the dream. Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company. Jordan, W. and Litwack, L. (1991). The United States 7th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Katz, W. (1993). A history of multicultural America. USA: Sleek- Vaugh Company. May, E. (1989). A proud nation. Illinois: McDougal, Littell and Company. McClenaghan,W. (1988). Magruder’s American government Massachusetts: Prentice Hall. O’Neill, W. (2002). United States. In The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 29 USA: Britannica Inc. Tindall, G. B. , and Shi, D. (1999). America a narrative history. USA: W. W. Norton and Company.

Odysseus vs Rama Essay

Two exciting epics that are widely read and well-known across the globe hold many likenesses between the heroes. The Odyssey by Homer and The Ramayana by Valmiki, tell the tales of two heroes who hold many similarities between them even as their stories differ. Both poems are epics because their heroes are great men, well-known to their worlds, both suffer long difficult journeys, and both are aided by as well as taunted by gods and goddesses of their religions and cultures. But in the end both men overcome great tragedy and catastrophes to rightfully rule as kings of their own lands. Odysseus and Rama were both strong warriors of great stature. Athena speaks of Odysseus to his son and calls him â€Å"a mighty man† (Homer, Odyssey, Book I,p. 7). Griffith describes Rama as â€Å"Tall and broad-shouldered, strong of limb,† (Griffith, Book I, stz. 1) who has â€Å"†¦massive jaw and ample chest† and â€Å"strong arms reach below his knee† (Griffith, Book I, stz. 1). Throughout the story these men both are challenged and use their great strength of the warrior to defeat their challengers. Odysseus is challenged by the sea many times and with great strength survives the power of the sea against him. In the house of King Alcinous he describes many a plight where he fought against the drowning waves and the storms of Poseidon. â€Å"†¦. Zeus with white bolt crushed my swift ship and cleft it in the midst of the wine-dark deep†¦. I clung with fast embrace about the keel of the curved ship, and so was I borne for nine whole days†¦. † (Homer, Osdyssey, Book VII, p. 105). Only a man of great strength and endurance could cling in the moving waters for nine whole days without fail. Then, against Poseidon’s enormous waves, Odysseus later survives a storm at sea by swimming through the forcible waves to reach land. For Poseidon, shaker of the earth, stirred up the same, who roused against me the winds†¦. Thus the storm winds shattered the raft, but as for me I cleft my way through the gulf yonder†¦. † (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book VII, p. 105). Odysseus exhibits godly strength against the seas and her challenges. Rama displays an unconquerable stamina in Griffith’s epic. Rama slays a giant to gain the friendship of Agastya but this leads to his being attacked by the giantess Surpanakha and her three sisters. Still they are no match for Rama as â€Å"†¦. they and myriad fiends beside Beneath the might of Rama died† (Griffith, Book I stz. ). Both heroes are challenged by enormous odds and yet both are victorious proving stout strength and stamina above all other men. However, physical strength is not the only weapon these heroes wield. Cunning and strategy play an important role in defeating more powerful enemies. Odysseus exhibits such mental strength against Cyclops when he helps his companions to escape the Cyclops’ cavern. Odysseus devised a plan to deceive Cyclops and in his cunning is even smart enough to predict Cyclops’ call for help from his brethren. And in knowing this, he tells Cyc lops his name is â€Å"Noman. Thus does Cyclops call out for help after Odysseus blinds him with the torched end of a stake and cries â€Å"My friends, Noman is slaying me by guile, nor at all by force† (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book IX, p. 137-8). Thus his friends who thought â€Å"no man† was assaulting their brother determined his suffering to be a sickness sent by Zeus and bade him to call upon his father Poseidon for help and went their ways. Odysseus further exhibits his craftiness when he devises a plan of escape. When Cyclops is blinded, he sets himself before the cave entrance with arms wide to prevent the men’s departure through the cavern mouth. However, Odysseus is more clever than he and fastens three sheep together across and ties a man beneath the middle one’s underbelly. For himself he hangs on beneath the magnificent ram until sunrise when they are allowed through the mouth of the cavern by Cyclops out to pasture to graze. Once far from Cyclops Odysseus comes out from under his ram and then unfastens his men, and they are all able to escape. By their hiding beneath the sheep, Cyclops only felt the fleece and thereby allowed the men to pass through. This is a grand display of cunning. Rama also portrays some semblance of intelligence when he chooses his allies against the demon king, realizing that he can win their loyalty by defeating their enemy and convincing the king of the monkeys that they share a suffrage because they both have been banished from their homelands, Rama is able to convince the monkey army to come to his aid (Griffith, Book I, stz. 1) . â€Å"Who, knowing all the tale, before The sacred flame alliance swore. Sugriva to his new-found friend Told his own story to the end: His hate of Bali for the wrong And insult he had borne so long. And Rama lent a willing ear And promised to allay his fear† (Griffith, Book I, Stz. 1). With his crafty ways, Rama knew since he had slain the object of Sugriva’s , the monkey king’s, hatred, that he would be allied at once with the monkey armies. This was his key to finding his wife, Sita, and rescuing her. Odysseus and Rama were both intertwined with the deities of their cultures. Odysseus had the help of Athena throughout his entire trip home after the war in Troy and his exile with Calypso on her lonely island where he was a kept man by the goddess (Homer, Odyssey, Book I, p. ). Athena bodes Zeus â€Å"O father†¦. if indeed this thing is now well pleasing to the blessed gods, that wise Odysseus should return to his own home, let us then speed Hermes the Messenger†¦. to the island of Ogygia. There with all speed let him declare†¦. our unerring counsel, even the return of the patient Odysseus, that so he may come to his home† (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book I, p. 3). If not for Athena’s plea and reminder to Zeus, Odysseus would have remained with Calypso forever. But Athena provides further assistance and stays beside Odysseus along the way. She is with him when he travels to the house of King Alcinous and tries to protect him and to guide him. â€Å"At that same hour Odysseus roused him to go to the city, and Athene shed a deep mist about Odysseus for the favour that she bare him, lest any of the Phaeacians†¦. should meet him and mock him†¦. † (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book VII, p. 97). And disguised as a maiden she journeys with him home on the ship and stays until he has defeated his wife’s wooers who have consumed the spoils of his home. She lends her assistance when needed such as when she cloaked Odysseus and his son and his men in darkness so that they may leave the town to come back to defeat the wooers in battle. Athena provides even more aid as she convinces his son Telemachus to search for his father and to bring him home. She also gives him advice such as having his mother hide Odysseus’ bow that no man can string other than Odysseus, foreseeing the contest to prove his identity later after his journey (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book II, pp. 25-7). Rama himself is a god although he does not know this. He is the born human entity of the god Vishnu Narayana who has a premeditated plan to take human form and then to defeat the demon god, Ravana hated by all supernatural gods and goddesses alike. But it is not until the end of his epic journey that Rama remembers that his true essence is the god Narayana (Griffith, Book I, stz. 19). This is unlike Odysseus who was favored by the gods and knew of their help and their interest in him as he bore them many sacrifices in return. One such sacrifice being in the cave of the Cyclops as they awaited his return from shepherding his flock. â€Å"Then we kindled a fire, and made burnt-offering†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book IX, p. 132). Such offerings are made throughout the story before and after challenges are met. Once the Cyclops was defeated, Odysseus took the best ram for offering â€Å"†¦the ram for me alone my goodly-greaved company chose out, in the dividing of the sheep, and on the shore I offered him up to Zeus†¦. and I burnt the slices of the thighs. † (Homer, Odyssey,1950, Book IX, p. 142). From this a conclusion could be drawn: it is expected of a hero to make offering to the gods who find favor with him. Likewise, Rama shows respect to the gods and his father, King Dasaratha, when he unfailingly responds to their commands without question. When asked by Queen Kaikeyi if he promises to honor his father’s vow and do his bidding, Rama replies, â€Å"I, at the bidding of my sire, Would cast my body to the fire, A deadly draught of poison drink, Or in the waves of ocean sink: If he command, it shall be done,–My father and my king in one† (Griffith, Book II, stz. 8). Rama leaves for his banishment without delay and without question to honor his father’s vow to Kaikeyi. He meets his challenges without hesitation and follows what the Indians name â€Å"dharma†, the will of the gods (Brockington, 1984, p. 33) or what the Greeks refer to as fate, a story of life darned out by the Muse (Homer, Iliad, 1950, p. 175). Both epics contain heroes who follow their dharma or fate without question and praise and honor their gods. It is when the heroes anger or disrespect the gods that evil befalls them. For example, when Odysseus tells king Alcinous how he injured Cyclops and this angered the creature’s father, Poseidon who aided Cyclops as he attacked the ship with hilltop and large boulder causing waves to drive the ship back to shore. (Homer, Odyssey,1950, Book IX, p. 141-2). Or when Rama slays the giant and angers the demon king Ravan, because Rama is vigilant in his respect to the gods, he overcomes the challenges brought before him when his wife is stolen from him. Rama is the example of true dharma and a great hero to the Indian religion of Hindu. Brockington, 1984, p. 8). Odysseus and Rama both face a great journey and banishment. Odysseus takes twenty years to return from the battle of Troy and suffers many hardships along the way that detain him from reaching his homeland for which he desires. One such suffering be at the hands of Calypso on the Isle Ogygia for seven years where she forced his stay as he had no means by which to depart until Calypso was bade by the gods to sent him adrift on a raft (Homer, Odyssey,1950, Book V, pp. 74-75. Among these misadventures that halted Odysseus’ return, was the Isle of the Lotus-Eaters, where the men ate of the Lotus which made them lose their desire to continue their journey home, and the Sirens who attempted to attract them to their own deaths (Homer, Odyssey, Book IX, p. 128-130). The Odyssey is the story of Odysseus’ journey home once he has befallen these challenges after the War of Troy. This journey takes more time as he meets hardships mostly set upon him by Poseidon, who â€Å"†¦. saw Odysseus as he sailed over the deep; and he was mightily angered in spirit†¦. (Homer, Odyssey, Book V, p. 79) and reveals â€Å"it must be that the gods at the last have changed their purposes concerning Odysseus†¦. But methinks that even yet I will drive him far enough in the path of suffering† (Homer, Odyssey, 1950, p. 79). Thus another journey begins and Odysseus is troubled once again, taking a total of twenty years before he reaches his homeland. If not for Athena’s aid and the aid of the other gods, Odysseus would not have been successful. Rama is also taken from his homeland. On the eve of his preparations to take over the throne for his father, one of his father’s other wives, Queen Kaikeyi , to whom King Dasaratha owes two vows as she had saved his life previously, beseeches the king to throne her son, Bharat and exile Rama for fourteen years to the forest. â€Å"These rites in Rama’s name begun Transfer them, and enthrone my son. The time is come to claim at last The double boon of days long-past, When Gods and demons met in fight. And thou wouldst fain my care requite. Now forth to Dandak’s forest drive Thy Rama for nine years and five, And let him dwell a hermit there†¦. (Griffith, Book II, stz. 11). With these words Kaikeyi reminds Dasaratha of his promise to her when she saved his life by caring for a fatal wound. She then asks for her son to be throned without challenge from Rama and also that Rama be exiled for fourteen years to live as a hermit in the forest. Kaikeyi only does such a greedy act because her maid Manthara has convinced her that horrible tidings await her future and that of her son if Bharat does not take the throne and Rama is enthroned (Griffith, Book II, stzs. -8). Still, honoring his father’s lamenting bid, Rama departs, ready to make a life anew with his wife and his one half-brother, Lakshmana (Griffith, Book II, stz. 19). As did Odysseus, so did Rama face many sufferings once he left in exile and his journey was not yet over. Sita, his wife, is stolen from him while he is away. Thus Rama, takes on the tasks of allying with the monkey armies to have aid in finding and saving his beloved wife. Then he faces Ravan, the demon king, to save her (Griffi th, Book IV, V, VI). Odysseus’ and Rama’s stories both reveal the importance of a warrior’s weaponry and strength in their respective cultures. When Odysseus returns home, with the deviousness of Athena, he and his son and wife, Telemachus and Penelope, devise a contest to prove his identity so that Odysseus may overtake his kingdom of Ithaca once more. Whosoever can string Odysseus’ prominent bow will have Penelope for his wife and all the kingdom of Odysseus for his own. So does Penelope set the bow and quiver before the wooers. And one by one they attempt to string Odysseus’ mighty bow. But none can accomplish this feat. Once Telemachus convinces the wooers to let the beggar who is his disguised father attempt the feat, â€Å"†¦. Odysseus straightaway bent the great bow, all without effort, and took it in his right hand and proved the bow string, which rang sweetly at the touch, in tone like a swallow â€Å" (Homer, Odyssey, 1950, Book XXI, p. 336). All at once he revealed his true identity and all was lost to the suitors of his wife.

Representation of Women in Bollywood

Cinema is meant and believed to entertain. It is a popular media of mass consumption which plays a key role in molding opinions, constructing images and reinforcing dominant cultural values. The representation of women characters in the main stream bollywood movies. Hindi cinema has been a major point of reference for Indian culture in this century. It has shaped and expressed the changing scenario of modern India to an extent. Bollywood cinema has influenced the way in which people perceive various aspects of their own life. Bollywood’s journey is nearly hundred years.Bollywood has been essentially male-centric, leaving a little space for the female counterparts to evolve and grow as performers. In earlier films, they were based on mythology or historic kind, where male were given importance and female were showcased here and there. Now, it’s different. As women in India redefined the status and role in the society, it is seemed to be reflected in the films as well. Bu t up to what extent is it true it should be a healthy practice. There is no reason to think women as sensitive creatures and huddled behind a veil.The way of living of real life women is the inspiration for reel life act. But is it an exact portrayal of what we see in real life? The changes found in the characterization of women in the last decade are vast. WOMEN CENTRIC FILMS During 2002 – 2012, there is a lot of notable women centric films. Women being protagonist is either portrayed as a positive or negative character. But there are also movies like â€Å"JODHA-AKBAR† which is not under this category but the characterization of Jodha, makes us feel that movie is being pulled by her.Likewise, â€Å"ROCKSTAR† the entire movie is scripted on the heroin; but the character of her is negative (i. e. against the social ethics). Women are either portrayed as modern life â€Å"Sati-Savithri’s† or entirely the negative version. But women are hardly portra yed as they are in real life. The movies are made for the audience. Therefore, they portray in such a way , how they could grab the attention of their audience. There is a blind mindset always makes the filmmakers to insists their heroin to dress up in more of glamour kind.The teenagers are also found to be in modern outfits. But, not as they portray in cinema. WOMEN IN REALISTIC FILMS In real life depicted films like â€Å"RAAJNEETHI† , â€Å"SARKAR† , â€Å"SARKAR-RAJ† women are showcased boldly and courageously. In a movie like â€Å"GURU†, the women’s role is soft and subtle. This type of characterizations inspires and develops the respect for women in society. Like wise, movies like â€Å"RAAGINI MMS† should not be encouraged. They should be a ban. As this will definitely have affect on the social dignity of women.

Comparative of two countries police agencies Essay

Comparative of two countries police agencies - Essay Example Other theft 547,800 437 per 100,000 Total 944,084 4512 per 100,000 http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/facts/2005/01_recordedCrime.html e- Political scandals or problems in the country's government AWB's wheat export to Iraq in Saddam Hussein's regime. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/2/story.cfmc_id=2&objectid=10412916 f- Number of prisons or correctional institutions Prisons= 35 Correctional centers= 41 Juvenile prisons= 2 Remand prisons= 5 Detention Centers= 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prisons#Australia g- Rank structure for correctional officers CO-Correctional Officer SPO- Senior Prison Officer CPO- Chief Prison Officer G1-Governor Grade 1 G2-Governor Grade 2-Operations Manager G3-Governor Grade 3-Centre Manager http://forums.officer.com/forums/showthread.phpt=28775 h- Incarceration rate and number of persons incarcerated Incarceration rate: 163 per 100,000 Number of persons incarcerated: 25,790 http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/4517.0OpenDocument i- Use of death penalty-number per year and method No death penalty in Australia http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/facts/2005/05_criminalCourts.html j- Identify and discuss one or more significant challenges to the country's CJ system Equal rights to indigenous people in the criminal justice system http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AJHR/2001/3.html k- Identify any terrorist groups or organizations active in the country selected Lashkar-e-Taiba, al-Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiah Based in foreign countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan but actively operating in Australia and alleged to be supporting terrorist training to the Australians and receiving heavy funding from Australia. http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/04/17/1082140117723.html There have been no...In particular, the rate of crime and imprisonment, death punishment and juvenile justice system are some of the features of the country's criminal justice system that make it distinct from many countries. Australia is also one of the countries with different crime and imprisonment rates as well as approaches towards death punishment and youth offence as compared to the United States. The country's juvenile justice system, in particular, is significantly different form the one prevailing in the United States. This essay identifies and elaborates various differences that are prevalent in the criminal justice system of Australia and the United States. It discusses from basic crime and imprisonment rates to distinct juvenile justice systems in both the countries. The criminal justice system of Australia and the United States are marked with significant differences. Despite the fact that both the countries belong to the realm of western world, yet there happen to be several aspects where the criminal justice system of the U.S. and Australia differ. In Australia there were a total of 45,201 sworn police officers in the year 2004-05 (Sworn police officers in Australia, 2006), whereas in the United States there were 673,146 sworn officers in the year 2005 (Full-time Law Enforcement Employees, 2005).

Answer question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Answer question - Essay Example When the intentions of the parties are clear from the written contract, a court will not consider additional evidence on the parties’ intentions. TRUE p64 7. An employment contract could contain an exclusion clause that prevents the employer from recovering from the employee damages the employer has to pay under the doctrine of vicarious liability. TRUE p151 8. Upon being issued a demand for documents, a party must produce all relevant documents. TRUE p158 9. Supervision connotes a greater degree of involvement during construction process than inspection. TRUE p168 10. Not all agreements are contracts. FALSE p44 Multiple Choice: 11. Which of the following is a federal power under the Canadian Constitution? A. FISHERIES p1 12. A director is considering buying a car for the corporation from a car dealership that is owned by his brother. To be absolutely safe, what should the director do before making the purchase? C. DISCLOSE THE DIRECTOR’S RELATIONSHIP WITH THE SELLER AN D HAVE THE PURCHASE APPROVED BY THE INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS ON THE BOARD p39 13. To establish causation, the plaintiff must show that B. BUT FOR THE BREACH OF DUTY OF THE DEFENDANT, THE LOSS WOULD NOT HAVE OCCURRED, AND THAT THE DEFENDANT’S BREACH WAS THE PROXIMATE CAUSE OF THE LOSS. P137 14. When can a party revoke an offer? D. ANYTIME BEFORE IT IS ACCEPTED p45 15. Which of the following would be acceptable consideration in exchange for a contractor building a house? D. ALL OF THE ABOVE p46 16. The owner insists that the contractor perform certain work that the contractor claims is not part of the contract. Which of the following is an appropriate course of action for the contractor? C. PERFORM ALL CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS APART FROM THE DISPUTED WORK p61 17. What is the name of the rule that generally excludes extrinsic evidence when interpreting a contract? C. PAROL EVIDENCE RULE p66 18. Which is the most common remedy for breach of construction contracts? B. DAMAGES p59 Shor t Answer: 19. What rule applies when federal and provincial legislation have a direct operational conflict? p1 When federal and provincial legislation have direct operational conflict, the Canadian Constitution declares that the federal law shall prevail. The constitution assigns all issues that have national importance under the power of the Federal Parliament. The fact that the federal laws also touch on the matter being handled by a provincial legislation means that it is of national importance. Therefore, the federal law should prevail over the provincial legislation. 20. If you are setting up a business and are not concerned about liability, but expect to be very successful, what disadvantages is there to operating as a sole proprietor? P34-35 If one operates as a sole proprietor, the primary disadvantage is the fact that the sole proprietor shall bear all liabilities that may be incurred by the business. Business losses, debts, and third-party liabilities are all for the accou nt of the sole proprietor. Another disadvantage is on the matter of taxation. The income of the sole proprietor is subject to individual income tax which may have higher rate than partnerships and corporations. Also, he may not avail of any tax incentives that are available to partnerships and corporations. 21. What is the key difference between obligation imposed under tort law compared to those imposed under contract law? P131 The obligation

Comparative analysis of Elkins historical interpretation of slavery Essay

Comparative analysis of Elkins historical interpretation of slavery with James McPhersons interpretation in Ordeal by Fire - Essay Example ze the similarities and differences between the two authors, the relevance of their treatments – fact versus anecdote – and which of the two can be said – in the light of hindsight – to have most accurately described antebellum slavery. Elkins’ and McPherson’s books represent two very differing accounts of slavery and are separated in time by almost a quarter of a century. Elkins discusses the subject in general terms, and advances two main arguments:- It is now appropriate to expand the argument and discuss the points of agreement and disagreement between the two authors and to consider – in the light of history – whose arguments represent the most appropriate view of US slavery Elkins believed that â€Å"the behavior you exhibit is who you are† (Elkins,1959); he maintained that slavery was †so degrading and dehumanizing that slaves lost their identities and became â€Å"Sambos† [docile, child-like, content and striving for attention] The different attitudes to slavery in the North and South of the country were profound; in the North slaves worked mainly as domestic servants, while those in the South were employed in agriculture – originally on three crops: tobacco, rice and indigo, and later on cotton as well. In the North, by the nineteenth century, strong feelings developed that it was not acceptable for one man to own another, and the abolitionists gained strength due to influence of the Quakers, Methodists and other factions. Elkins (1959) wrote â€Å"To the Northern reformer, every other concrete fact concerning slavery was dwarfed by its character as a moral evil – as an obscenity condemned by God and universally offensive to humanity† (Elkins, 1959). Many Northern church dignitaries believed that while one slave remained the whole populace was culpable [Cain and Abel – â€Å"his brother’s keeper†]. In the South, by contrast, it was held that slavery â€Å"was a positive moral good – a necessary arrangement sanctioned in

Oceanography Chapter 12 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oceanography Chapter 12 - Essay Example his topic was the relation of the change in sea level to that of the coastline and the fact that it is believed that the coastlines that are present today have not yet achieved an equilibrium with the current sea levels and thus a change in the aforementioned coastlines are still expected when this equilibrium is attained. This could result in driving the coast inland when this happens should the sea levels continue to rise due to global warming (Garrison 356). Another interesting factor are the features that are formed on the coast as a result of the erosive forces that take place such as Sea Cliffs, Sea Waves and Blowholes that occur as a result of the shore being submitted to constant wave battering (Garrison 356). The process of how beaches are formed is another interesting topic in this book in relation to the transportation process of sediment onto the shore by waves (Garrison 364). The various factors that influence the transportation of the sediments have also proved to be an interesting factor with processes such as the longshore drift proving essential in the transportation of these sediment further inward thus improving the size overall size of the coast as a result (Garrison 364). The involvement of the waves as well as the currents show how different parts of nature work together to form the various features that are found on the beach. The change in the character of the shores from erosive to depositional shows the ability of nature to adapt to changing facilities in order to avoid any permanent damage. This is seen as after a while, beaches characteristics change from erosive to depositional in order to prevent any more erosion from taking place (Garrison 360). The material that beaches are made of and the relation to the various processes that form them show how not every beach is similar in nature and will depend on the location and material that is available in that region. A good example is the beaches of Hawaii that contain rare black sand

International Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Business Environment - Essay Example This paper will examine the European Union’s agricultural subsidy: whether it does more harm than good. According to Myers and Kent, there are several reasons why countries subsidizes agriculture: first is that governments consider it a prime responsibility to keep their citizens fed, so there is the perceived duty to support farmers and double crop production; secondly, farmers worldwide have often been included in the poorest sector of society so policymakers feel that they deserve help.(2, p. 40) All in all, the rationale behind agriculture subsidies is to ensure that there are adequate food supplies, the prices for farm products remain stable and to help the farming sector more competitive and in the process help the poor and develop rural communities. In the European Union, agricultural subsidies rake billions of dollars of expenditures each year, constituting nearly three-quarters of the annual total budget of the EU. (1, p. 339) Support for agriculture is handled by a Common Agricultural Policy or CAP. Here, the policy uses a variable levy to bring the world price of an agricultural import up to the domestic price level as well as subsidizes exports of its surplus commodities on world markets, driving down prices for other potential exporters. The diagram below demonstrates this: Agricultural subsidies such as those of the EU’s have devastating effects on the international market, especially on the poor countries. Subsidies lead to over-production that is dumped on the world market, depressing world prices; and these subsidized imports enter developing countries’ markets with lower tariffs as a result of the AoA and IMF and World Bank conditionalities. (4) It is impossible for farmers from poor economies to compete with the low prices of agricultural products and usually go out of business. Unfortunately, this destroys local and rural production as imported and considerably cheaper agricultural

The Feasibility of Virtual Fitting Room in the Fashion Industry Literature review

The Feasibility of Virtual Fitting Room in the Fashion Industry - Literature review Example The essay "The Feasibility of Virtual Fitting Room in the Fashion Industry" explores Virtual Fitting Room, its Feasibility in the fashion. Technology, in the modern day business, transcends the use of online retail stores towards the use of mobile applications and sophisticated software. It is arguable that the virtual fitting room application is highly feasible in contemporary fashion business. The advent of fashion stores helped transform shopping, as customers would acquire access to products without visiting physical stores. These stores provide applications for carts and financial transaction. Online shopping has recently developed thereby threatening to replace traditional shopping in real shops. Some shoppers, however, still prefer real sopping to online shopping for notable cited reasons. To begin with, there are serious security concerns, as fraudsters establish sites for conning consumers. In addition, there are grave technical difficulties that some customers face while ma king transactions. For instance, remembering passwords is often one of the major technical issues that customers face. In spite of the online shopping development in fashion marketing, the issue of size and measure remains a great hindrance to online shopping. It is essential to highlight that size and fit are rarely standard across all brands. This leads to a significant amount of product returns thereby hindering sales and creating extra costs for retailers. The use of augmented reality directly solves this problem.

Emerson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Emerson - Essay Example Emerson, a former preacher forced from his church for preaching his own radical ideas on Christianity, uses strong arguments to try and get us to understand his individual philosophical perspective. Emerson tries to be the embodiment of every man not merely the writer/intellectual. He seeks affinity with all men striving for individuality, especially those disillusioned with society's constraints. Just because not conforming to the expectations of society was a compelling discovery for Emerson, one hundred and fifty years ago, today it is unlikely to rally the same enthusiasm Emerson had then. Especially when Emerson exhorts: "Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist. He who would gather immortal palms must not be hindered by the name of goodness, but must explore if it be goodness. Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind. Absolve you to yourself, and you shall have the suffrage of the world." (Emerson, pg. 876) Have we found that power to trust ourselves "And we are now men, and must accept in the highest mind the same transcendent destiny; and not minors and invalids in a protected corner, not cowards fleeing before a revolution, but guides, redeemers and benefactors, obeying the Almighty effort and advancing on Chaos and the Dark" (Emerson, pg. 875) "Self-Reliance" expressed the need for creative ... The quote "To be great is to be misunderstood" (Emerson, pg. 879) exemplified those who shunned ideas regarding new thought and theory during his time. Today's era echo's a different chord. We constantly thrive on the newest and latest in writing, music, television and video games. We are easily bored with things unimaginative, over used and over-romanticized. Entertainment has become very individualized. As for self-sufficiency, what kid attending his first day of school isn't already inundated with the prospect of being programmed to become self-reliant If a child appears too dependant early on, parent-teacher conferences are soon in order to correct the problem. Independence is revered; free spiritedness that creates chaos is frowned upon, in classrooms and in society. Emerson muses: "What I must do is all that concerns me, not what the people think. This rule, equally arduous in actual and in intellectual life, may serve for the whole distinction between greatness and meanness. It is the harder, because you will always find those who think they know what is your duty better than you know it. It is easy in the world to live after the world's opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude." (Emerson, pg. 877) Again, Emerson's romantic notion of the free thinker on his mountain top living by his own set of values and beliefs is not a new concept today. Our society freely condones creative thinking as long as it doesn't infringe upon the rights and freedoms of others. We've gone full-circle in terms of expressing individuality and freedom. Our freedom

Kodak and Digital Revolution Essay Example for Free

Kodak and Digital Revolution Essay In 1976 Kodak controlled 90% of the film market and 85% of camera sales in the United States. By 1992 the share of film market decreased by 5%. In 1991 they launched the first professional digital camera. In 1998 they spent $1. 2 billion to two joint ventures with the Chinese government and by 1999 became number two in digital cameras in the United States with a 27% market share. In 2001it launched â€Å"Where it all clicks† theme to stimulate digital imaging and in 2002 launched the first mass-market product for digital film processing. By 2003 they controlled most photofinishing transaction in the United States with 15% unprofitable digital camera market. Digital imaging was a disruptive technology that was emerging in early 80’s and Kodak got blind sighted by its extreme focus on existing customers and their needs. They followed a customer focus strategy instead of taking digital imaging as a disruptive innovation. Their focus was to provide products that its existing clients want in a cost effective manner. Kodak’s strategy for digital imaging has been way off and its first digital product, the â€Å"Photo CD† which was a failure. It couldn’t leverage upon world’s first electronic image sensor that they launched earlier that was widely used by computer industry worldwide. They used all strategies to the disposal but its timing was way off. They used Radical to incremental innovation an example is their digital photography compared to Sony’s Then their strategy shifted from convergence of digital and film based imaging to selling hardware such as digital cameras and printers by alliancing with computer and electronic industry. This strategy also failed as competition was too fierce by 1995 and profit margins shrunk. Then strategy was changed to picture business and network consumables with at least 50% market share. These strategies were based to the changing market needs and competition especially from Fuji films Kodak is a showcase for failing to innovate; they missed the digital revolution because they were focused on protecting its core business, traditional photographic film. The reality is different, though. Kodak was in fact one of the first companies to have worked on digital imaging it’s not that they were ignoring the digital revolution! Today, Kodak is still leading digital imaging, as the company holds many patents in this field that are used in products such as HP printers. The painful Kodak factory closures that one can see nowadays are nothing but the price to pay to transition from one era to the other, from the era when Kodak was a chemist to an era when it is a software company. For all its mistakes, Kodak is doing what few companies have been able to do. Lessons Learned No doubt, Kodak was victim of the innovators dilemma. The most immediate takeaway from the fall of Kodak is clear: Don’t be afraid to cannibalize your own business in the name of progress. But Kodak’s inability to make any of its products stand out over the last decade is demonstrative of an overall reluctance to innovate.

The strategic international human resource management Essay Example for Free

The strategic international human resource management Essay In order to explore the role of strategic international Human Resource management in making multi-national organisations competitive, this assignment reflects the strategic international human resource management issues that the branch of the Vietnamese Pha Lai glass company has to face through human resource process: (Polycentric approach). Some introduction about Pha Lai glass manufactory Some introduction about Laos and PEST analysis Issues relating to Human resource process in Laos: + Forecasting labour demand and supply + Recruitment + Selection and placement + Training + Appraisal performance + Remuneration and benefit + Compensation + Occupational health and safety Issues relating to Vietnam expatriate managers : + Cross-culture suitability (Geert Hofstede (1984) in cross culture study) + Family requirement + Language + Host environment in Laos Some best examples for other Vietnamese organisations have success in operations in Vientiane, the capital of Laos. Introduction: In the new background, as Vietnam became an official member of international organisations such as Asean, Apec, Afta and along with the integration trend of Vietnamese economy into the Asean economy and the world economy, the business environment will be opened up with a lot of new factors, more opportunities accompany by more challenges. Therefore, competition becomes fiercer and fiercer. This situation requires Vietnamese enterprises have to a more long-term prospect as well as more effectiveness about their development. Engaging in international operations is one of the most suitable strategies that many Vietnamese organisations choose for their existence and development. The Pha Lai Glass company is one of the typical examples for that. The company has successful performed in the domestic market over the past five years, and now it is in the early stages of a feasibility study for expanding its manufacturing capacity, and as part of the strategic plan is considering establishing a plant in a foreign country, Laos, which is the neighbour country of Vietnam. The branch will be located in Vientiane, the capital of Laos. Some introduction about the Pha Lai Glass factory Pha Lai glass factory, one of Vietnamese famous manufactory, is in the early stages of a feasibility study for expanding its manufacturing capacity in a foreign country after success over the past five years. The factory is located on Pha Lai Town, Chi Linh District, Hai Hung province in Vietnam. The products of the manufactory include glass products. The initial capital is 6753 million Vietnam dongs; total revenue now is 9758 million Vietnam dongs. The total manufactorys labour is 587 people. Some introduction about Laos Lao is bordered to the north by the Peoples Republic of China (505 kilometers), to the south by Cambodia (435 kilometers), to the east by Vietnam (2,069 kilometers), to the northwest by Myanmar (236 kilometers), and to the west by Thailand (1,835 kilometers). Laos has a total area of 236,800 square kilometres, stretching a distance of approximately 1,000 kilometers form north to south. The Lao political system is run as a peoples democracy with the Lao Peoples Revolutionary Party at its head. The nations political policy can be simply stated as a democratic government empowered by the people to work for the people. The total population of the country is approximately 6 million people. Of the total number, 2965300 are male and 3034700 female. (Source: http://www.business-in-laos.com/laos.htm) PEST analysis An analysis of the new environment is important because it increases in the quality of the operation of the manufactorys branch in Laos by considering a range of relevant features well before making a suitable strategic decision. It is necessary to identify the threats that the branch have to face as well as the opportunities it can be get in the Laos invest environment by applying PEST analysis. Political/legal The Laos Government allows a great deal of flexibility, particularly welcomes foreign investors who wish to operate business in Laos. Laos is perfectly prepared for every type of investment, it is ready for development and, by its membership of ASEAN in July 1997, and it intends to participate with other countries in the development of the region to keep pace with the changing world. The branchs property and investments in Laos shall be protected by the laws and regulations of the Lao PDR. Such property and investment may not be requisitioned, confiscated or nationalized except for a public purpose and upon payment of prompt, adequate and effective compensation. Economic The countrys trading policy has varied from to period according to economic policy. Trade occurred with other socialist countries, that is, Viet Nam, Cambodia and the Soviet Union. Public enterprises began to play a role in foreign trade. With the advent of the policy of New Thinking, the nations economic development has steadily been liberalized and is moving towards a market economy. Due to the natural expansion of the economy, Lao achieved a high growth rate. Laos opened its doors to foreign investors, total investments from both the local and foreign investors was nearly US$ 8 million for total 636 projects. Socio-cultural Population and labour force According to Laoss statistics, the population of Laos is nearly 6 million in which the labour force represents 48% (approximately 2800000 people) of the total population of the country. That is considerable labour force for the development of the branchs human resource. The employment rate was slightly higher for male than for female, 52% and 48% respectively. The labour force is aged 10 years and above. It is an important issue that the branch must to be interest first because that is too young labour force. Health Life expectancy rate is appreciated about 51 years. Education and Literacy About 72% of men and 53% of women have access to education in Laos. Educational quantity has been increased. This advantage will lead the branch have a suitable human resource plan. Technological Economic development in Laos is aimed mainly at the development of its infrastructure. Another focus is on such unique opportunities as being an electricity-exporting centre for neighboring country, particularly Thailand and Vietnam. Thus, technological applications to help in the development of the country current tend to learn towards those areas of knowledge and management rather than more varied and complicated machinery. (Source: http://www.business-in-laos.com/laos.htm) After fulfilling PEST analysis in order to assess the investment opportunities in Laos, it is recognized obviously that this is potential investment environment for Pha Lai glass factory expanding the branch in this fully potential neighbour country. The Functional Organisation for the manufacturing branch in Laos includes as follows: One President One Vice President of Production One Vice President of Marketing One Vice President of Human Resources One Vice President of Finance Polycentric approach for the organisation structure The Organisation structure for the branch in Laos is applied the polycentric approach. It means: The President is from the PCNs, Vietnam. The Vice President of Production and the Vice President of Finance are also from Vietnam in order to assure that operations are supervised under PCNs policy. The Vice President of Marketing and Human Resource are HCNs (Laoss) because they are local people in Laos so they understand deeply about politics, economy, socio-culture and technology environment in Laos, they will achieve their mission better. 585 Laos employees (99% of total labour force of the branch). A polycentric staffing policy is one in which HCNs are recruited to manage subsidiaries in their own country and PCNs occupy positions at corporate headquarters (Dowling, Welch and Schuler, 1999). The branch does not recruit from TCNs. As a role of the president of the branchs operations in Laos, the International Human resource management model will be applied by Ralobbins and Coulters model (2003), p 283. Part 1: Issues to Vietnamese expatriate managers in Laos Selecting Managers The advantages and Disadvantages of using Parent-country Nationals Advantages * Organizational control and coordination is maintained and facilitated * Promising managers are given international experience * Vietnamese managers may be the best people for the job because of special skills and experiences. * There is assurance that subsidiary will comply with company objectives, policies, and so on Disadvantages * The promotional opportunities of Laos staff are limited * Adaptation to Laos staff may take a long time * Vietnamese managers may impose an inappropriate HQ style * Compensation for Vietnamese and Laos managers may differ Cross-culture Suitability According to Geert Hofstede (1984) in cross cultural study, there are four kinds of culture as follows: Power distance (PD) is the extent to which an unequal distribution of power is accepted by members of a society. Uncertainty avoidance (UA) is how much members of a society are threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations. Individualism collectivism (I) is the tendency to take care of oneself and ones family versus the tendency to work together for the collective good. Masculinity-femininity (M) is the extent to which highly assertive masculine values predominate (acquisition of money at the expense of others) versus showing sensitivity and concern for others welfare. (source: Geert Hofstede (1984) cross cultural study) The cultural environment in which Vietnamese managers operate is an important factor in determining successful performance. Laos has some features of the uncertainty-avoidance culture that will be convenient for Vietnamese managers in Laos. Because Laos has a good traditional culture for long-time ago, and up to now, it is still kept and developed more brilliantly. A good cultural environment will assist Vietnamese managers avoid the culture sock as well as stress at work. Family Requirements The contribution that the family, particular the spouse, makes to the success of the international assignment is now well-documented. However, there are other issues that the planners needs to concern due to a spouse or partners difficulties with adapting to life in Laos as well as covering all of the Vietnamese expatriate familys living cost. Language The ability to speak a second language is an aspect often linked with crosscultural ability (Dowling, Welch and Schuler, 1999). Language skills may be regarded as of critical importance for managerial positions. Tung (1986) suggested knowledge of the host-countrys language is an important aspect of expatriate performance, regardless of the level of position. Differences in language are recognised as a major barrier to effective crosscultural communication. Thus, Vietnamese expatriate managers must be good speaking Laoss language people in order to perform operations of the branch effectively. Host Environment The environment in Laos also has an impact on Vietnamese expatriatess operation capability. According to Gregresen et all, nd, the international context with its differing societal, legal, economic, technical, and physical demands can be a major determinant of expatriate performance. However, the environment in Laos is likely to have positive impact on Vietnamese expatriate because Laos and Vietnam have had a good relationship for long time ago as well as have a certain neighbourhood. Part 2: issues relate to Laos human resource staff. The Human resource management process includes following steps: Step 1: Human resource planning Step 2: Recruitment Step 3: Selection and placement (identification, selection, and placement of competent employees) Step 4: Training Step 5: Performance appraisal Step 6: Remuneration and benefits Step 7: Compensation Step 8: Occupational health and safety Human resource planning After PEST analysis in the new investment environment, the branch needs to have an appropriate Human resource planning. Human resource planning includes forecasts of labour demand, forecasts of labour supply, forecasts of labour surplus or shortage, goal setting and strategic planning. The main advantages of a polycentric policy identified above, are: + Employing Laoss staff eliminates language barriers, avoids the adjustment problems of Vietnamese managers and their families, and removes the need for expensive cultural awareness training programs. + Employment of Laos allows the branch to take a lower profile in sensitive political situations. + Employment of Laos is less expensive than that of Vietnam, even if a premium is paid to attract high-quality applicants. + Employing Laoss employees gives continuity to the management of the branchs operation in Laos. This approach avoids the turnover of key managers that, by its very nature, results from an ethnocentric approach. Forecasting, on both the supply and demand sides were used by judgemental method. Forecasts of labour demand: Total labour force in the Pha Lai glass company is 587. So the labour demand at Vientiane will be similar to 587 including one Vietnamese President, two Vietnamese vice presidents of Production and Finance; two local vice directors of Marketing and Humance Resource and 582 local human resource employees. Forecasts of labour supply: The labour force in Laos is about 2800000 people that the percentage of men and women are 52% and 48%, respectively. Particularly Laos has the young labour force from 10 and above. This is an abundant, strong labour supply force for the project. Determining labour surplus or shortage: According to two forecasts of labour demand and supply, the labour force is surplus and this issue is determined, the branch can determine the next issue for potential problems. Goal setting and strategic planning The second step in human resource planning is goal setting and strategic planning. The goal directly comes from the analysis of labour supply and demand The labour force can be appreciated satisfactorily for the current and future of the branchs operation targets. Recruitment Recruitment is a complex process, generally defined as searching for, and obtaining, potential job candidates in sufficient numbers and quality, and at the right cost, for the branch to select the most appropriate people to fills its jobs. The questions for recruitment process will be as follows: + How many people does the branch need? + Where can the branch recruit? + Who are sufficient for jobs? For these issues, the responses will be: According to determining labour demand, the branch needs 582 workers within sufficient skills, competence and knowledge for it targets and goals. * Methods for recruitment can be either internal methods such as posting skills, inventory or external methods such as radio, television, newspaper, trade journals, computerised services and so on. * Sources for recruitment can be external sources such as referrals, walk-ins, agencies, schools, CES, trade unions. Selection and placement Selection is the process of gathering legally defensible information about job applicants in order to determine who should be hired for long or short-term positions. Interviews and test are applied for selection process. This includes questions about the following: * Age, sex, religion and national origin * Number of children and who will care for them * Height and weight, unless job related * Marital status * Conviction record unless strongly related to job * Credit status * Relatives and friends working for the employer. At the end of selection, every potential candidate is identified and placed their appropriate positions. Training Only by examining the skills and competence for a job (as defined in manufacturing glass, for example), managers can identify training requirements and select the training programs that be based on job-related criteria (Holton and Bailey 1995; Hong and Lin 1995; Piskurich 1994). Required skills and competence will be transferred from Vietnamese major manufactory to Laoss staff in order to adapt business operation requirement in Laos. Performance appraisal Although Laos employees may learn about how well they are performing through informal means, such as co-workers telling them what a great job they are doing or their supervisors giving them an occasional pat on the back. Performance appraisal will be defined here as a formal, structured system of measuring, evaluating and influencing an employees job-related attributes, behaviours and outcomes to discover at what level she or he is going to perform in his or her job: That is, how productive he or she is and whether he or she can perform more effectively in the future. It is a dynamic and multidimensional process (Latham and Wexley 1981; Carroll and Schneier 1982). Remuneration and benefits Another important issue is to motivate employees and the way which is used to motivate employees to perform more effectively is based on distribution salaries and benefits. For the growth and development of the branch, Laos employees need to express satisfaction with their salary and benefits. Compensation All Laos employees in the branch must be covered by workers compensation insurance by compensation policies of the branch. The insurance provides a scale of benefits for employees who are injured at work or who incur a work-related illness. The aim of the legislation is to maintain employees income and employment benefits for the period that the employees is unable to perform his or her usual work Occupational health and safety One of important issue is occupational health and safety for labours force. If the branch can reduce the rates and severity of its occupational accidents, diseases, and work-related stress levels and improve the quality of work life for its employees, it can become more effective. Line directors must have a large responsibility in ensuring that program intervention is implemented, demonstrated to Laoss workers that occupational health and safety objectives are supported at all levels. Conclusion The ability to manage Human resources on an international basis is one of the first important issues that any manufactory must assess before expanding its operations abroad. With fully detailed analysis about the opportunities as well as the challenges that the branch will have to face in Laos, I, as a role of the Human resource manager in the factory, believe that applying International human resource management strategy above can help the branch of Pha Lai glass factory have many prospects for further sustainable development in Laos as well as in other countries in the future. Current examples of best practices suitable to the company There are many Vietnamese enterprise have operations successfully in Laos, some examples below are the most obviously detailed evidences that are realistic and feasible to illustrate. Dien Quang Lamp Company had already set up a distributorship and agency in Vientiane. Now it was looking to expand. Dien Quang products are exported to 18 countries all over the world, including in Asia and the Middle East. In 2002, we aimed at breaking into the Lao market and this year, we had an advertising plan to take our trade name to Lao consumers Mr Phan Ngoc Huy, Assistant General Director of Dien Quang Lamp Company said. Mr Dam Van Hong, from the Sales and Marketing Department of Saigon Plastic Company said the company was planning to build a factory in Laos. Our factory will be located at Km 7 and will be 4,000 sq m in Area. The Vietnam trade representative office in Laos said almost all the Vietnamese business that joined the That Luang Trade Fair on this occasion met their targets to penetrate the local market, to find partners to establish agencies or become distributors and to introduce high quality products to the Laos consumer. (Source: http://www.mot.gov.vn/Laowebsite/News.asp?id=65kind=1) References Books 1. Dowling Peter J, Welch Denice, Schuler Randall S, P 1999, International Human Resource Management Managing People in a Multinational Context, third edition. 2. Brewster Chris and Harris Hilary, P. 2000, International Human Resource Management Contemporary issues in Europe, second edition. 3. Kramar Robin, Mcgraw Peter and Schuler Randall, P. 1998, Human resource Management in Australia, third edition. 4. Sisson Keith and Storey Storey, P. 2001, The realities of Human resource Management Managing the Employment Relationship. 5. Geert Hofstede, P. 1984, Cross Cultural Study 116000 employees 40 countries. 6. Stoner James A.F, R. Edward Freeman, Gilbert Daniel R, Jr, P. 2000, Management, sixth edition. Webs 1. http://www.thuonghieuviet.com.vn/index 2. http://www.business-in-laos.com/laos.htm 3. http://www.hanover.park.org/Thailand/MoreAboutAisa/vninfo/companies/cty2451.html 4. http://www.mot.gov.vn/Laowebsite/News.asp?id=65kind=1 Bibliography Books 1. Dowling Peter J, Welch Denice E and Schuler Randall S, P. 1999, International Human Resource Management Management People in a Multinational Context, third edition. 2. Sisson Keith, Storey John, P. 2001, The realities of Human Resource Management Managing the Employment Relationship, second edition. 3. Brewster Chris and Harris Hilary, P. 2000, International Human Resource Management Contemporary issues in Europe. 4. Lewis Pamela S, Goodman Stephen H and Fandt Patricia M, P. 2001, Management: Challenges in the 21st century, third edition. 5. Kramar Robin, Graw Peter Mc and Schuler Randall S, P. 1998, Human Resource Management in Australia. 6. Robbins Stephen P and Coulter Mary, P. 2004, Management, eighth edition, Pearson, Prentice Hall. 7. Geert Hofstede, P. 1984, Cross Cultural Study 116000 employees 40 countries. 8. Stoner James A.F, R. Edward Freeman, Gilbert Daniel R, Jr, P. 2000, Management, sixth edition. Webs 1. http://www.handover.park.org/Thailand/MoreAboutAsia/vninfo/companies/cty2451.html 2. http://www.drc.com.vn/index.php 3. http://www.business-in-laos.com/laos.htm 4. http://www.thuonghieuviet.com.vn/index 5. http://www.bitis_vn.com/ 6. http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~jnichols/clas-618.htm 7. http://www.mot.gov.vn/Laowebsite/News.asp?id=65kind=1 8. http://www.ilir.uiuc.edu/courses/Non-current/lir490b/Lectures/6_IntroToCulture/Sld010.htm

The Negotiation Strategies In International Business Commerce Essay

The Negotiation Strategies In International Business Commerce Essay In business relationships, parties negotiate because they think they can influence the process in such a way that they can get a better deal than simply accepting or rejecting what the other party is offering. Ghauri (2003) says business negotiation is a voluntary process of give and take where both parties modify their offers and expectations in order to come closer to each other. In literature, sometimes bargaining and negotiation are used interchangeably. Negotiation, also called integrative bargaining, refers to win-win negotiation where both or all parties involved can end up with equally beneficial or attractive outcomes. In other words, everyone can win. It is more related to a problem-solving approach, where both parties involved perceive the process of negotiation as a process to find a solution to a common problem. In integrative bargaining however, if negotiations are not properly handled, both parties can end up with a jointly inferior deal. With negotiation, it is possible for both parties to achieve their objectives and one partys gain is not dependent upon the other partys concession. Business negotiation is considered by many authors as being this type of negotiation. The power/dependence relation is another basic characteristic of all negotiation processes. It is closely related to the actual power relation, which is influenced by the value of the relationship to the parties and their available alternatives. Background factors for example the market position can influence the power/dependence relation. The ability to control a relationship is related to the perceived power of two parties, their relative expertise and access to information. This power is a property of the relationship and not an attribute of the actor; in fact, it is closely related to dependence. Therefore, the power relationship is in balance if both parties perceive equal power. The power relationship is unbalanced if one of the parties perceives more power, or if one party is dependent on the other. The dramatic growth of international trade over the last five decades has been not only in terms of volume but in complexity as well. International marketers are now more and more business negotiators, who constantly discuss deals across borders with a variety of people, ranging from consumers to intermediaries and even competitors. Technology often plays a major role in such deals and this could mislead people into believing that the whole negotiation process is principally an engineers discussion based on rational and scientific facts. In fact, technical complexity intermingles with human complexity to render such negotiation processes difficult to manage. A considerable amount of literature is available on negotiations, some of it also on business negotiations but the field of international business negotiations is quite neglected. Strategic Negotiations. Richard Walton etal,1994 identify three primary negotiations strategies. These are forcing, fostering, and escape. Each represents an overarching pattern of interaction that characterizes the negotiations. A strategy does not emerge all at once, but over time as a result of consistent patterns of interaction. A forcing strategy generally involves taking a distributive or win/lose approach to the negotiations, combined with a divide and conquer approach to internal relations in the other side, and an attitudinal approach that emphasizes uncertainty and distrust. By contrast, a fostering strategy generally involves taking an integrative or win/win approach to the negotiations, combined with a consensus approach to internal relations in both sides, and an attitudinal approach that emphasizes openness and understanding. Escape is a non-negotiations strategy in which one or more parties seek to end or undercut the relationship. Dietmeyer and Kaplan (2004) use a res earch-based approach to negotiation that assists sales professionals in reaching their own business goals, while ensuring that their customers meet budget and professional objectives as well-going beyond win-win to achieve true, measurable business value for all parties at the negotiating table. Power and Diplomacy Power. Susan Strange (1998) brings out that power accrues to those who can offer or deny security; those who manage the creation of wealth by production; those who create credit to allow or deny other people to spend today and pay back tomorrow; those who (mis)manage the currency in which credit is denominated; those who have knowledge (advanced technology) which provides military superiority and dominance in other power structures. John De La Mothe (2002), argues that science, technology and innovation have long been key factors in the competitive advantage of nations. Today, however, the new international political economy is being increasingly driven by science and technology in new ways. Integration, globalization and internationalization have all become watchwords for a series of dynamic processes in which science and technology are deeply implicated. As a result, not only are the policies of national governments being exposed in terms of the limits of their sovereignty, but sci ence and technology are being increasingly implicated in a wide array of public issues ranging from security, privacy, development and economic growth to employment, environment, foreign policy and geopolitics. Clearly, in todays emerging world, the ways in which governments organize their science and technology policy, their science and technology intelligence, and their research advisory structures and resources matter more today than ever before. Diplomacy. James Rosenau was one of the first to suggest that the domestic and international are somehow linked and elaborated upon what he termed linkage politics (1969). Scholars focusing on the regional impact of domestic politics are Karl Deutsch (1957) and Ernst Haas (1958). Haas highlights two types of spillover. The first type, functional spillover, occurs when cooperation in certain sectors of the economy (or society) creates technocratic pressure for cooperation in adjoining sectors, thereby propelling integration forward. The second type, political spillover, occurs when ongoing cooperation in certain areas empowers supranational officials to act as informal political entrepreneurs in other areas. In order to manage complex technocratic issues more effectively, rational governments must delegate discretion to experts, judges and bureaucrats, thereby creating powerful new supranational actors with an interest in cooperation. Graham Allison in Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (1971) too, speaks of an overlap between international and domestic politics. In State Power and the Structure of International Trade, Krasner argues that that openness in the world economy is most likely to occur during periods when a hegemonic state is in its ascendancy. As long as the states technological lead is increasing, its leadership will perceive economic advantages to openness, since openness will expand markets for the products of its technologically sophisticated industries. The hegemon will also gain politically, since the opportunity costs of closure will be low, relative to those facing smaller and poorer states. Conversely, when several large, unequally developed states coexist, Krasner predicts that the more backward states will find openness economically and politically costly and will therefore resist it. Greater trade closure will, therefore, result (Keohane 1997). Like Gilpin before him, Krasner too stresses on the influence of the strength of the state on international trade. The crucial point is the correlation between what occurs withi n a state is related to what occurs beyond state boundaries. Robert Putnam in Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two Level Games (1988) argues that domestic structures and diplomacy are interminably entangled and says that the negotiator is under pressure to reconcile domestic and international conflicts. Putnams work challenges the level of analysis approach to studying international relations which stresses the importance of classifying data under three clusters: the systemic, national and the individual (Singer 1961). Mayer (1991) develops a model to explore the implications of domestic political divisions for international strategic engagement in international trade. He explores the subject by treating international trade as a game and identifying the players and examining how they play. The observation that there are several overlapping games being played, a few of them being strategic and others not, is significant. Policies such as tariff, quotas, and export and production subsidies are the tools used by the players to gain a n advantage in the international strategic trade game (Krugman 1986). Work on strategic trade policy builds on game theoretical models which analyse how states use trade policies to leverage their economic performance. India and Nanotechnology (The literature survey included, amongst others, a perusal of annual reports of GOI MOD, DST, CSIR, TIFAC, CII; back issues (app 3years) of Business world, New Scientist, Hindu Businessline and Business Today. ) GOI initiatives include DST launched Nano Science and Technology Initiative (NSTI) with an allocation of Rs. 1000 crore, Government has spent approximately Rs. 250 crore, over the past five years to promote RD in the area of nanotechnology. 100 research projects on the synthesis and assembly of ceramic nanoparticles, nano tubes, nano wires, nanoporous solids, and DNA chips have been supported by the Government. CII Initiatives have resulted in; India-UK Joint Economic and Trade Cooperation, Indo-US High Technology Cooperation Group (HTCG), Nanotechnology partnership with Taiwan, a number of Nanotechnology Conclaves, Nanotechnology Cluster-CMTI, Jharkhand Nanotechnology Initiative, West Bengal Nano Park etc. CII is working closely with the Government of India on US India High-Technology Cooperation Group (HTCG) formed on November 2002. The HTCG acts to facilitate and promote bilateral high-technology trade. The focus areas of the core group include Information Technology, Defense, Life Sciences and Nanotechnology. Realising the potential of nanotechnology, HTCG working group on Nanotechnology is formed to facilitate seamless flow of knowledge between both the countries and joint development projects involving industries. The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) has put together a 10-point action plan to empower Indian industry to come out with commercial nanotechnology products, which it believes will drive the future of industry worldwide. The action plan includes awareness creation, training and skills development, technology facilitation and networking and facilitating collaborative projects. The Nano Science and Technology Consortium works to create a platform conducive for the growth, promotion and partnering in the field of Nano Science and Technology taking together industries, academics and government through consultative, advisory and educative processes which will provide growth platform for organizations, academics and governments for harnessing the Nano potential at Global level. Companies like Samsung have already entered the Indian market with a range of products using nanotechnology such as refrigerator, washing machine and air-cooler. Samsung uses nano-silver in various compositions in its product range. Further, companies like Tata Steel, Tata Chemicals, Mahindra Mahindra, Nicholas Piramal and Intel have invested around $250 million in the domestic market towards this end. Yash Nanotech has inked agreements with IIT Mumbai, NCL Pune and the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre of Advanced Research, Bangalore, to undertake global contract research and set up nanotech manufacturing facilities. Civil Applications. These can be grouped under four heads, namely, detection, including imaging, sensors and sensor networks for the detection of pathogens and chemicals; protection, including decontamination equipment and filters, and personal protection; identification, including anti-counterfeiting and authentication, forensics, quantum cryptography and the market for counterfeit and grey goods; societal impacts, including current regulatory and ethical frameworks, potential impacts on ethics and human rights, and public perception. Application in the field of medicine is one of the most fascinating areas that include new cancer therapies, drug delivery systems, and biomaterials for implants or prosthesis or diagnostic tools, which are under development or already in market. An important area of application of nanotechnology includes novel drug delivery techniques, which are quicker less risky, compared to the costs of developing new drugs. Military Applications. These also flow out from civil applications in areas like; higher performance platforms (aircraft, ships, subs, boats and satellites), enhanced sensing through more sensitive and selective sensors, enhanced human performance, information dominance through enhanced information technology, improved battlefield casualty management, lower life cycle costs with improved materials, coatings, and condition-based maintenance etc. Stake holders. The various stake holders include; governments, Industry, Entrepreneurs, RD, Institutions, Academic Research Institutions, and Society. Case Studies. These can be subdivided into those which pertain to PSUs, RD establishments and Defense and the private sector enterprises. The private sector industries which can be studied for negotiations resulting in various types of partnerships/JVs/MOUs/TOTs etc. are listed below:- Measuring devices equipments: Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd, Icon Analytical equipment. Ltd., Veeco .Health Care: Dabur Research Foundation, Bharat Biotech International Ltd., Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. Materials processing: Tata Chemicals, Pune. Reliance India Limited. Automobile: Mahindra Mahindra, Tata Motors, United Nanotechnologies Pvt. Ltd. Electronics: Bharat Electronics Ltd, SemIndia Systems, Samtel India.

Angela?s Ashes: The Setting Effects The Actions Of The Characters Essay

The autobiography Angela’s Ashes by Frank McCourt tells the life of the McCourt family while living in poverty in Limmerick, Ireland during the 30’s and 40’s. Frank McCourt relates his difficult childhood to the reader up to the time he leaves for America at age nineteen. The book has many prevailing themes, but one of the most notable is the settings relationship to the family. The setting of the book ultimately influences the choices and lifestyle of the McCourt family in many ways. Living in poverty and not being able to meet basic needs leads the characters to result to desperate measures such as stopping Frank McCourt’s education and taking a job to support the family. Frank is forced to take the job mostly because his father is an alcoholic and uses all the dole money and his wages to buy beer instead of feeding his family. Frank describes this pattern of drinking away the money by saying " When Dad comes home with the drink smell there is no money and Mam screams at him till the Twins cry."(42) This situation lasts until Mr.McCourt leaves to work in England and is never heard from again which forces Frank to take a job at fourteen years old. Frank takes on the role of the head of the family proudly and comments " Its hard to sleep when you know you know the next day you’re fourteen and starting your first job as a man." (p.309) Frank’s ability to provide financial stability leads to greater comfort and living conditi ons for the family. The members of the McCourt family are also forced to beg and steal in order to help the family’s well being. Mrs.McCourt begs charities especially the St. Vincent de Paul Society for help with basic necessities for the family such as food, clothing, and furniture. Mrs.McCourt is even forced to beg for the family’s Christmas dinner. The butcher who she begs to tells her " What you can have now missus, Is black pudding and tripe or a sheep’s head or a pig’s head."(97) Mrs.McCourt reluctantly accept the pig’s head and is ridiculed walking home it. Also, the children are forced to pick up scraps of coal for the fire from a road on Christmas Day. Frank describes the children’s humiliation by saying, " Even the poorest of the poor don’t go out Christmas Day picking coal off the road." (99) Unlike their mother the McCourt children would rather steal than beg for what they need. The ... ...e’ll put stuff on a paper on the scale with the paper hanging down on her side behind the counter where she thinks you can’t see it." (66) Also, the religious of Limmerick discriminate against poor children as in the case when Frank McCourt tries to become an alter boy but is denied. Mrs.McCourt explains why he is denied by saying " They don’t want boys from lanes on the alter. Oh, no they want the nice boys with hair oil and new shoes that have fathers with suits and ties and steady jobs"(149). The Mc.Court family is constantly aware of the discrimination it faces because of the poverty they live in. The various settings of " Angela’s Ashes" effect the characters’ actions and lifestyle in various ways. Living in poverty challenges the family to meet basic needs through begging and stealing as well as children getting jobs to help the situation. Also, the poor housing causes the family to be subjected to disease and coldness. The society the McCourts were part of causes the family to be aware of social prejudice and learn actions to take in order to protect their rights. The setting of the book influences the McCourt family’s actions and style of living. Angela?s Ashes: The Setting Effects The Actions Of The Characters Essay The autobiography Angela’s Ashes by Frank McCourt tells the life of the McCourt family while living in poverty in Limmerick, Ireland during the 30’s and 40’s. Frank McCourt relates his difficult childhood to the reader up to the time he leaves for America at age nineteen. The book has many prevailing themes, but one of the most notable is the settings relationship to the family. The setting of the book ultimately influences the choices and lifestyle of the McCourt family in many ways. Living in poverty and not being able to meet basic needs leads the characters to result to desperate measures such as stopping Frank McCourt’s education and taking a job to support the family. Frank is forced to take the job mostly because his father is an alcoholic and uses all the dole money and his wages to buy beer instead of feeding his family. Frank describes this pattern of drinking away the money by saying " When Dad comes home with the drink smell there is no money and Mam screams at him till the Twins cry."(42) This situation lasts until Mr.McCourt leaves to work in England and is never heard from again which forces Frank to take a job at fourteen years old. Frank takes on the role of the head of the family proudly and comments " Its hard to sleep when you know you know the next day you’re fourteen and starting your first job as a man." (p.309) Frank’s ability to provide financial stability leads to greater comfort and living conditi ons for the family. The members of the McCourt family are also forced to beg and steal in order to help the family’s well being. Mrs.McCourt begs charities especially the St. Vincent de Paul Society for help with basic necessities for the family such as food, clothing, and furniture. Mrs.McCourt is even forced to beg for the family’s Christmas dinner. The butcher who she begs to tells her " What you can have now missus, Is black pudding and tripe or a sheep’s head or a pig’s head."(97) Mrs.McCourt reluctantly accept the pig’s head and is ridiculed walking home it. Also, the children are forced to pick up scraps of coal for the fire from a road on Christmas Day. Frank describes the children’s humiliation by saying, " Even the poorest of the poor don’t go out Christmas Day picking coal off the road." (99) Unlike their mother the McCourt children would rather steal than beg for what they need. The ... ...e’ll put stuff on a paper on the scale with the paper hanging down on her side behind the counter where she thinks you can’t see it." (66) Also, the religious of Limmerick discriminate against poor children as in the case when Frank McCourt tries to become an alter boy but is denied. Mrs.McCourt explains why he is denied by saying " They don’t want boys from lanes on the alter. Oh, no they want the nice boys with hair oil and new shoes that have fathers with suits and ties and steady jobs"(149). The Mc.Court family is constantly aware of the discrimination it faces because of the poverty they live in. The various settings of " Angela’s Ashes" effect the characters’ actions and lifestyle in various ways. Living in poverty challenges the family to meet basic needs through begging and stealing as well as children getting jobs to help the situation. Also, the poor housing causes the family to be subjected to disease and coldness. The society the McCourts were part of causes the family to be aware of social prejudice and learn actions to take in order to protect their rights. The setting of the book influences the McCourt family’s actions and style of living.